写文章,我常困惑:其一是说什么,其二是怎么说。据胡适之先生的意思,这事似乎容易解决,因为只要“要说什么就说什么”和“话怎么说就怎么说”便好了。简言之:想说什么就写什么。叶圣陶先生主张,“心里怎么想,口里就怎么说,笔下就怎样写”,“语文一致”。两位大师从根本上点出说话和作文是一回的事。具体说来,人为什么要说话呢?因为心里有想法,有看法,要告诉别人。那人又为何而作文呢?卡夫卡说:“我有一种写的冲动。”试想一下,古今中外,多少文人墨客留下了许多名著,难道他们也都是领导甚至和某部门签约后才让写的吗?人要作文,也是因为得到什么见闻,产生什么想法,要急于告诉别人一一这就是“一种写的冲动”。弗洛伊德把它归纳为潜意识,并且锁定它是创作的动力。清代诗人黄遵宪云:“我手写我口”,也道出了说话和作文的密切关系。
说和写是一回事,都是表达说话人和写作者对某一事物的印象、感受和看法。但为什么实际操作中,我们会觉得说话容易而作文难呢?这是因为,说和写是“一回事”的同时,尚有许多不同的地方。如:两者使用的语言形式不同,说话用的是口头语言,它有声无形,很随意,说完了就消失了,作文用的是书面语言,它有形无声,写出来可以长久留存下去,甚至让成千上万的人看到。例如《三国演义》、《红楼梦》、《聊斋志异》等名著,在中国可以说家喻户晓,人尽皆知,并且它们还传遍世界各地,被搬上银幕,搬上舞台。所以,写作者更不能随意乱写,、要讲究一定的分寸,遵循一定的准则,承担一定的社会责任。正如我们自家人吃饭和请客吃饭不一样,前者可以随便弄一两个菜,可以不摆桌,随意端着饭碗边散步边吃饭,唯求吃饱就行;而后者,一定要讲究饭菜的优劣,一定体面地围桌而坐,更不能随意走着吃。这都是作为社会人要承担一定社会行为准则和道德规范的需要。正如周作人所云:“我写的文章和在讲坛里所说的同样的.负责任,决不愿误人子弟。”
说话表达清楚明白皆可,但作文除此,更求表达的艺术效果。立意高远、耐人寻味、章法巧妙、词藻优美、形象生动、言简意骇等等术语都是用来规范作文的。清代桐城派作家姚鼐提出的“义理?考据?词章”,也是针对作文而提的。作文比说话难就在这里,此外,尚有一种说法,是说说比写易的最根本原因,是二者练习的时间大不一样。我们没上学之前,就懂得说话,能够表达一定的意思,但究竟还不能作文。上了学,就算每学期练写作十篇,总共也就几十篇近百篇,和每日多次张嘴说话比,动笔练习的机会的确太少了。这说明,写比说难不是写的本身造成的,而是我们学习的机会太少了。因此,我们提倡精读大量名著,养成作和写的习惯,日常勤练笔,好文章是可以写得出来的。从小学生到高中生,增至大学生,经过多年的练笔,许多人不也都写出像样的文章吗?这也不正说明作文是不难学会的吗?
说与写相比,有时写还真是有其容易的一面。譬如同学聚会,每个人都要即兴演讲,你没有准备,心里慌,只说了几个字便作罢,或讲得无头无尾,没条没理,一定达不到说话的效果。怎么办呢?难道你会挽留大家,说你可以再来一遍?君子一言,岂驷马能追?讲出的话,是泼出的水,是很难原样收回的。倘若先前写好了一篇稿子,情况就不同了,写的好处就在这里。想想,完成一篇文章,我们可以列提纲,一段又一段地充实内容,可以查阅资料,一遍又一遍地修改,直至自己满意了,再拿去请教别人;有不足之处,仍可以商量和修改。
作文这东西,越往里学越尝到甜头,也越觉得它博大精深,也越难于攻关。比如打跳棋,你为自己辟道路,可对手又处处设卡设陷阱,每走一步都不容易。突然能一棋跳到顶,甚至拿了赢局,那是多令人高兴的事。试想,若没有对手干扰,或他索性说:“算你行,我不动了,你跳吧”,那还有何意思呢?这和我们跟别人吵架时说“算你厉害了,你有理了,我输了不就行了吗”有何异呢?作文也是这个道理,困难不小,又学无止境,关键要知难而进,尽管赢不了它,但跟她“吵”到底还是有益的。
Dear parents,
“You always say that I am naive. In your eyes, I am always the little girl who will never grow up”. This is my favorite song and also the sound from the bottom of my heart. You made me feel so lucky to be your child. But I find our hearts getting further apart as time goes by.
You strictly forbid me to do entertaining activities even if I finished my homework, such as watching TV or playing computer games. Based on this, I couldn’t get any grade less than A. It is said that genius only means hard-working all one’s life. But I think combining exertion is the best way for learning.
The most important thing to me was that I feel frustrated for having few friends to confide in due to your strict rules. I can’t have a play date, participate in a school play or even choose my own extracurricular activities. Who will accept such a boring and troublesome person? I am just an ordinary girl who can’t stand loneliness, so I always feel contradictory.
On the one hand, I’m grateful to have you in my life, to disappoint you was the least I would do. On the other hand, what you asked for me made me felt like a puppet rather than a real person. I appreciated your efforts to pull me away from a self-indulgent life, but your obsessively extravagant strictness has pushed me into an isolated and insensible one. I need a little freedom so that I will concentrate on something I really interested in.
Father and mother, these words were hid in my deep heart for a long time. I love you, and I believe if you change some harsh rules. I will have a wonderful life.
Best wishes.
Yours, daughter
Beloved father:
It’s a long time no contacting with you since last e-mail. And I miss you so much. Recently I luckily turn to the third officer working on board MV Blue Whale,which is a container ship. I intend to introduce you what Ido on this big vessel in this letter.
I am the third officer working in the deck department. As you know, the third officer is responsible to the master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties.
On board, my first daily work is wathckeeping from 8 to 12 and from 20 to 24. my second daily work is in charge of the maintance of the fire-fighting equipment and life-saving equipment. The third , I am also responsible for fire and boat drills, I have to design a muster list and make crew to know the best escape route clearly. Additionally, there are also some simple things I have to do in daily work. For example, I have to assist the Chief Officer in supervising cargo handling operation 、to measure the draft at the discretion of the Chief Officer or the Master、to assist the Master on the bridge with anchoring and mooring and unmooring operation is underway and so on.
In the end, I strongly believed that you must be very familiar with my special work through what I said. And I hope you can stand my back and make me stronger. We will have a reunion soon.
Your ,ZJH
Dear mom:
A: hello!
Mom this is my first time to write to you, so some shame.
How are you recently? Have a smooth work! How your mood these days, I have no dont care you one day.
How much I miss you, do you give me the rice, how delicious, I often dream of in the evening I went to the kitchen to steal to eat the food you do.
Mom you sit down and rest for a while! Dont be so hard to cook for us after work every day, every day we wash clothes... Every time after the meal, I want to help you wash the dishes, you say you dont have to tube chores, you just mind your own learning. Himself out of one eye, I am full of tears.
Ah! Mother I love you.
I wish you the best
Healthy body, the work is smooth.
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