导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
世界是多姿多彩、奇妙无穷的,科技更是日新月异、无所不能的。为了可以亲身体验科学的魄力所在,学校组织了一次社会实际活动——参观科技馆
踏入科技馆,我们首先去目睹了4D电影的风采呢!4D电影果真是比普通电影更加精彩,比3D电影更加逼真更加刺激。
看完电影后,我们就去参观体验科技馆里的项目了。
但由于项目太多了,刚进去时,我们就像没头没脑的苍蝇一样,找不着一点头绪。那儿逛逛,那儿看看。看到好玩的就奔涌而去。终于,我找到一个属于儿童的天堂——儿童科学乐园。儿童科学乐园里可好玩了!有音乐花园,利用像树藤似的管子,传递声音。从一头说话,在另一头可以清晰的听到从那头传递来的声音。还有泡泡工厂,利用肥皂水比普通水的表面张力小的原理,在空气的作用下,可以拉出大大小小的泡泡。我和几个同学也实验了,的确如此。我们也不约而同的玩起来,可以吹出泡泡的工具,形状也不一,大大小小、形状不一的泡泡们在空中飘荡。还有……
参观完二楼后,我们也升级去“拜访”三楼了。
踏入三楼,首先映入眼帘的是一幅地震灾害图,房屋倒塌。我的心中不禁惋惜起来。然后,我和同学们来到了国防科技厅内。“真是太壮观了!”我情不自禁的惊叹的起来。吸引眼球的是一架坦克,只见它(坦克身着绿军装,昂首挺胸,整装待发。其次,我还看见了一些步枪,冲锋枪。在大橱窗里,只见一位红军战士,他神情严肃,衣冠整洁,手持步枪,好像准备随时上前冲锋***敌呢!
“拜访”完三楼,我又迫不及待的奔向了四楼。
四楼是宇航科技厅,也是基础科学厅。厅中有许许多多的小实验星罗棋布的分布在各个地方。我还了解了解了宇宙中的几颗行星,以及在航天飞船内部的一些物品呢!
虽然在科技馆中有太多有趣、好玩的实验,但令我感触最深的是盲人体验通道。虽然盲人体验通道,只有一小段,但都令我们都很害怕。我想:盲人一辈子都只能生活在黑暗之中,我们应庆幸自己能看到这美丽的世界,所以今后我们应该多关心关心盲人,让他们感到在这个世界上他们并不孤单。
这真是一次科技之旅!
今年月日,学校组织去雨花台爱国主义教育基地参观。好久都没出去游玩了,我心里特别的激动。哈哈,不怕告诉你,我昨晚一夜都没睡好觉那!
心情好天气也特别的好,天空瓦蓝瓦蓝的,太阳公公慈祥的目光注视着我们。田野里油菜花已经开了,黄油油的,散发着淡淡的清香。车厢里那一张张天真可爱的小脸上洋溢着喜悦,奔驰的车轮洒下了我们银铃般的笑声。
目的地很快就到了,首先映入我们眼帘的是那高耸的烈士纪念塔,需要仰头才能看到顶部。整个纪念馆给人一种厚实、凝重的感觉,我们的心也开始沉静下来了。进入展厅的时候,同学们已经自觉的`站成了几队,开始听讲解员阿姨的讲解。刚才还叽叽喳喳的我们,随着讲解的进行都不知不觉的安静了下来。
参观到了实物区的时候,看到那些还带有斑斑血迹的衣物时,平时看到血就紧张的我,感觉喉咙里堵堵的,特别的难受。听讲解阿姨讲,那是革命前辈在经受敌人严刑拷打时留下的血的见证,同学们都静默了,几个本来就感情特别丰富的小女生眼睛里几经满是泪水了。当听到有的烈士比我们就大几岁,他们小时候没的吃没的穿,没有读过书,更没有吃过肯德基,却敢于和敌人斗争,不怕牺牲的时候。我的眼泪也不争气的留了下来。望着自己胸前鲜艳的红领巾,我也隐约懂得了我们的国旗为什么是红色的,那是我们的革命前辈用自己的鲜血染成的啊!
回去的时候,天色已经暗了下来,显得阴沉沉的。车厢里一片寂静,没有了来时的喧闹,空气仿佛凝固了一样,好像都能听到同学们的心跳声,我的心情也闷闷的,有点出不来气的感觉。
晚饭的时候,爸爸、妈妈看到我无精打采的样子,心疼的问我,是不是累了啊,我没有做声,脑海里还闪现着参观时候的见闻,心里却暗暗的下着决心,要好好珍惜现在的生活,努力学习,天天向上,克服平时不好的习惯,做一个懂事求上进的好孩子,向英雄们学习,长大了也能为国家和社会做出自己的贡献。
这真是一次难忘的参观啊!它会一直激励着我!
我家里有不少小玩意儿,光储蓄盒就有3个。其中,最引人注目的,最富有诗情画意的,要算是站在柜子上的那个瓷娃娃了。
它是一个小瓷器。高约5寸,最宽处有3寸半左右。看上去,你会觉得它是那样柔和润滑摸起来,一股清爽的感觉立即从指尖传遍全身。因为它是那样地惹人喜爱,所以我对它特别珍惜。
这个储蓄盒与众不同之处,不在于它那雅静别致的外形。那是一个天真烂漫而又温和可爱的日本小姑娘。她穿戴一新,可能是去观赏繁花满枝的樱花吧!不然,她怎么会那般高兴呢?
从背面看,看到的是一位日本小姑娘伫立的倩影从侧面看,只能看到小姑娘的半边脸。从正面看,那是最合适不过了。她一头乌黑闪亮的秀发自然地披落下来,像黑色的锦缎一样光滑柔软。前齐眉,后披肩,典型的日本娃娃头,还自然地鬈曲着。鬓边插一只粉红色的缨花发簪,像一只翩然起舞之后的蝴蝶悄然停歇在那里,和黑发搭配,是那样柔和。下面是一张稚气的瓜子脸,平坦的前额,红润的双颊,黑黑的眉毛,两只细长有神的眼睛含着笑意。下面是挺直的鼻梁,小巧的嘴,嘴边也仍挂着一丝甜蜜的微笑,让人见了,会感到她是那样的恬静、温和、可亲、可爱。
小姑娘身穿一件红色的长袖花和服,隐约可以看见上面印有红色樱花图。领口和宽大的袖口都有金丝线绣花图案,在阳光照耀下,熠熠闪光。脚下穿着雪白的丝袜,踏着一双崭新的木屐。望着小姑娘那苗条的身材,我仿佛看见她面带微笑,迈着细碎的小步,轻快而又缓慢地走着。从她那两只放光的眼睛看得出,她是异常高兴的。除此以外,她白皙的小手还拿着一把遮阳的花伞。说起那花伞,小巧玲珑,精美细巧,样子煞是美。精致洁白的伞柄,粉红的伞罩,周围还有一圈半圆的花边。看上去,一点也不觉得它笨重。人们对这个手持花伞的小姑娘赞叹道:这个小姑娘多可爱呀!
时值樱花时节,在绚烂多姿的樱花丛中有一个天真可爱的日本小姑娘,景致是很优雅的,但我想,如果这里还有一个中国小姑娘,她们亲密地交谈,携手并肩漫步在春光旖旎的樱花丛中,景致不是更美妙,意义不是更深远了吗?我真想马上长出一对翅膀,飞到樱花之国――日本,和日本小朋友一起去看樱花。那时,我们就要同声高呼,说出两国人民心中的话――让我们中日两国人民世世代代友好下去吧!
我的储蓄盒虽然是一个普普通通的储蓄盒,而且通过它背后的小孔只能为我存储一些零钱,然而它的意义却是深远的。这就使得我更加喜爱这个普通而又意义无穷的储蓄盒了!
这篇文章的说明顺序是安排得很清楚的`。全文的布局顺序,作者采用的是总起――分说――总结的布局顺序,先总说我家有不少小玩意儿,其中最富有诗情画意的是那只瓷娃娃,接着分说,逐一介绍这个储蓄盒的大小和与众不同的外形。最后总结说这是一只意义无穷的储蓄盒了。
本文主体部分,作者也采用总――分的顺序进行说明,先总说这个储蓄盒的大小,再逐段分说它与众不同之处,重点介绍它的外形是一位天真烂漫、温和可爱的日本小姑娘。在介绍这个小姑娘时,作者按观察的顺序来写,从背面看起,转到侧面,再到正面看,一一写来,条理很清楚。
从段落内部的顺序看,尤其是第四自然段,它的顺序也安排得很好的:对储蓄盒的介绍,作者从背面转向正面介绍小姑娘的头部,由上到下,从头发、眉毛、眼睛、鼻梁、嘴巴依次写出,条理十分清楚。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
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