1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
元旦那天,我和爸爸、妈妈、嫂子一起去了西丽湖度假村。西丽湖度假村之所以叫西丽湖度假村,是因为有一个长方形的湖。本来打算骑马的,因为孩子不会骑马,就改乘马车了。马车可以坐四个人,我们前面有一匹马。我们在西丽湖度假村逛了逛,看到那里有儿童游乐场、马场、动物奥林匹克竞赛区和别墅。我们问新郎:“动物奥林匹克竞赛区有什么?”新郎说:“赛狗一周有三个晚上。”我们走回马场,看到许多马。我们问马夫马是从哪里来的?新郎说:“是从新疆运来的。”那里有那么多凯尔,你走近了就会闻到一股恶臭的感觉,甚至不敢呼吸。
马非常强壮,有黑色、红色和棕色。每匹马都不停地摆动尾巴。他们站在里面,好像很无聊。我和嫂子也玩碰碰船。起初我们不敢碰别人的船。我觉得:碰碰船就是让你撞上别人的船。我把我的想法告诉了嫂子。嫂子觉得我说的没错,我们就开始碰上别的船了。起初,我们被打得落花流水。后来我们找到了技巧,很快就把别人的船和衣服装满了水。
来之前觉得西丽湖应该很美,但是去了西丽湖,水很浑很脏,名字真的不好。祝西丽湖明天更好!
The sky is blue, the sea is very blue, the sky and sea looking liketogether, there is a small island in the sea in the distance, near the sea a few fishing boats, the scenery is very charming, my mother and I arebarefoot in the golden beach, waves of joy to the shore, I high lift feet onthe waves, the waves had no feet very comfortable, and I surf to playloud screaming, running towards the shore.
There are many kinds of sea shells on the beach, some like a small fan,some like horns, some like a pagoda, there's like a hat, these shells arein different poses and with different expressions. There are many smallcrabs under the rocks of the shore, they quickly into the sand,disappeared in the twinkling of an eye. There is a small crab hiding in the shell, mom told me to call the hermit crab. My mother taught me to catch crabs, I was afraid of, then can also be quickly caught, see small crabsswim really happy in my bucket, I will bring them home, so every day tosee them.
The beach is really very interesting, I really want to leave it.
柳叶湖位于古城常德东北,是湖南省最大的山、水、城三位一体的生态型城市旅游休闲度假区,白鹤山、花山、太阳山环绕湖北部。柳叶湖可以东临洞庭湖,西依武陵山,远与闻名暇迩的世界奇观武陵源相呼应,近于人间仙境桃花源。柳叶湖西北的太阳山、月亮山磊落厚重,层峦叠嶂,松竹青翠,清溪蜿蜒,泉水潺潺。而且被世人传诵的刘海看櫵狐仙的故事也发生在这里……我们便慕名而来了。 那一天是阴沉沉的天气,但也阻挡不了我去柳叶湖的兴致。于是我们就中午出发了。
我们进去过了一个桥叫“渔歌桥”便看到了只在夏天开放的欢乐水上世界。之后我们走进了有杜鹃花,茶花的美妙世界,淡淡的花香扑面而来,令人愉悦、轻松。
过了一会儿,我们来到了全亚洲第五高的摩天轮,看上去很宏伟,巨大,夜晚的的灯光照耀它肯定很美,闪闪发光的。它的前面是一个小码头,坐船去游柳叶湖,柳叶湖的两旁有着许多的柳树,凤吹过细长的\'柳叶,宛如仙女们在翩翩起舞,那姿态多迷人。水很清澈,这个湖有着“中国城市第一湖”之美誉。后面就是紫色庄园。因为季节是冬天,所以花都凋谢了。但我还是憧憬着花儿的绽放,更想看到那美丽又散发着芬芳的花朵。我们凭票上了摩天轮。它慢悠悠地离开地面,渐渐的,我们随着它的上升,视野也慢慢扩大,就还见到庄园里的景点:缩小比例的莫斯烦城堡、硕大的钻石,防埃及金字塔,具有民族风俗的蒙古包,以及精美的花瓶……随着时间的推移,我们也来到了令人不禁紧张的时刻——摩天轮的顶端,我们的视野更宽阔了。不仅饱览了整个大地,远眺时还看到被薄雾笼罩的柳叶湖,看见若影若现的建筑群……当我们下来时,还觉得意犹未尽。于是我们便拍照留恋。
时间可过的真快,一眨眼的功夫我们便来到了出口,回望后面,那高高矗立的摩天轮在我的脑海里也烙下了不可磨灭的痕迹。即使心中再有不舍,我们终究还是回去了。
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