说现在的社会是一个浮躁的社会应该不过分,因为我们日常生活中看到、谈到、听到的几乎都是如何挣钱、如何处理感情、如何升职成功,但似乎少有人关心,我们对待诸如此类的事情的方式是否正确。相比较我们接收到的让人眼花缭乱的各种信息,谈论探讨这些方法论就显得枯燥乏味。而实际上,潜藏在每个人大脑中的信息处理器如何组织、如何分解信息,以何种逻辑顺序处理工作,依据的却是各种底层的价值观和方法论。我们很少谈及它们,而它们却无比重要。
《如何阅读一本书》写成于1940年,作者莫提莫.艾德勒在销售30年后又修改了一次。他和另一位作者是第十五版《大英百科全书》的编辑指导。很多书单里都推荐过这本书,但是我却一直没有读过。没有读,是因为自己脑子里总是在告诉自己:都看了一辈子书了,还需要别人告诉你怎么读书末?但越是这样,越想一探究竟,于是在想要开始写一年读书笔记的开始,终于拿起这本书看起来。
这本书基本分为四篇内容,分别讲述了作者想要介绍的四种阅读方式:基础阅读、检视阅读、分析阅读和主题阅读。基础阅读就是读者能看懂书中的字句,并且不会被语法和文章结构阻碍住,能够掌握主要句子和章节的意义。检视阅读一是指通过阅读目录、索引、作者介绍、摘要、后记以及少数内容,对书籍的内容做以了解;检视阅读是指一路阅读下来,不去关注自己不理解的地方,对书的架构和大概内容进行了解。分析阅读部分是全书的重点,作者花了大幅篇幅详细的进行了说明。分析阅读是指读者对一本书类别目标比较明确的选择、能够总结书的内容、能够重现书的框架纲要、找出作者要问或要解决的问题。在这个基础上,找出作者的关键字、关键句(主旨和对问题的基本论述(读者总结出来的作者的架构和对问题的基本解答。最后,对这本书进行自己的评论。主题阅读是指为了一个题目进行的跨越多作者和多门类的阅读。
显然,第一部分的阅读凡是接受过义务教育的人都能达到;第二种阅读方法实际上就是略读,这种方法大家经常用;第三种方法就是我们在学校时老师提的最多的要求,就是精读;第四种方法是大学里写毕业论文时必须要采用的,博采众长以完成一个课题。艾德勒在书中谈到,其实这四种阅读方法并不是相互独立的,而是相互包容的,比如第分析阅读是包含第一种和第二种阅读方法的,因为只有如此,才能进行全部内容的精读和分析;而主题阅读则包含了以上三种阅读形式。
对于不同种类的书籍,作者列出了如何阅读实用型书籍、想象文学、历史、抒情诗、哲学、社会科学、科学与数学书等不同类型读物的方法,以及如何使用字典、百科全书、工具书等等,可谓体贴入微,用心良苦。
比如艾德勒说,实用型书籍分为两类,一类是理论书,它们只传递知识;另一类是实用性的,是有关行动的问题。作者认为任何实用性的书本身都不能解决该书所关心的问题,比如如何赚钱,是需要你自己去行动来解决的,它没办法解决你没钱的实际问题。因此如果读者认同书中这些规则,是要加上一点自己的想法、头脑清楚的应用这些规则,才能起到实际作用。一本书是否是真正的实用性书籍,最直接的证明就是读者接受了作者的观点并付诸行动。如果只是表面上接受,而没用去行动,那么这本书还不能称作真正意义上的实用性书籍。(他的观点,其实就是中国人说的“读万卷书,行万里路”、“知行合一”。《如何阅读一本书》就是一本以规则为主的实用型的书,读这本书就需要读者找寻到这些规则;评判内容是否真实后,才能在以后的阅读中加以应用,才能显现出这本书的实用性,才能证明读者阅读此书的价值。
再比如如何阅读想象文学。艾德勒说“想象文学是在阐述一个经验本身——那是读者只能借着阅读才能拥有或分享的经验——如果成功了,就带给作者一种享受。在想象文学中,不要去找共识、主旨或论述,但是可以从小说在我们想象中创造出来的经验中学习,教导我们衍生的意义。不要用与真理一致的标准来批评小说”。作者认为阅读小说的读者只要去体会小说中发生的故事,享受带来的愉悦即可,不必像读实用型书籍一样对故事创造本身质疑。——作者列举了《奥赛罗》和欧亨利的书,我想艾德勒在写书的时候市面上可能滥书还比较少——“你越能明白指出诗或小说带给你的喜悦的原因,你就越了解这本书的.优点是什么。你会慢慢建立起批评的标准,你也会发现许多跟你有同样品味的人与你一起分享你的论点。你还可能会发现一件我们相信如此的事:懂得阅读方法的人,文学品味都很高。”
我以前看过芭芭拉明托写的《金字塔原理》,这本书写的是如何说、写出清晰明白的逻辑论述,而《如何阅读一本书》则是说如何分析作者的文章框架和写书意图。两位作者仿佛是棋逢对手的武林高手,从正反两面互相拆解对方的招数。
我们自以为很了解自己所做的事,但实际上离了解还差得很远,因为我们没有遇到真正了解的人。艾德勒这本方法论的书籍,点出了阅读的重点和态度,提出了指导人们有效读书的规则。正因为如此,这本书经历70年仍被人常常提起。我觉得这本书特别适合正在读大量书籍的人,比如中学生和科研工作者,甚至是有孩子的父母——他们应该从小给孩子养成一个科学有效的读书习惯。反观自己,虽然我也读过不少书,但是真正达到分析阅读程度的书籍,恐怕只有备考教科书了... ...对于获取知识,我的读书方法还不够深入细致。要达到“读过的书可以扔掉了”的程度,让知识真正成为我自己的认知,还有很多事情要做。
When I was in high school, there was a teacher who taught me more than that in was a very kind boy, 4 or 5 years older than us and taught us geography. We all liked to take his class, though geography was not our major course.
What impressed me a lot was his could see him always got angry only when we were too noisy in class,he often played soccer with used to be a very believable defender and never fouled on any of us.
We all liked to call him "Teacher Miao" and he was just like a friend, not a sonsy personality inspired me to be kind to everyone I was my well-beloved "Teacher Miao.
Hi, my name is Cindy. I have a good father. I like him very much.
大家好,我叫Cindy。我有一个好爸爸。我很爱他。
My father is a policeman. He works in the police station。He is tall and strong. He looks very cool in the black police uniform.
我爸爸是一名警察。他在警察局上班。他长的很高,很强壮。他穿着黑色的制服看起来很酷。
He likes helping people. He often goes everywhere by his motorcycle. When he sees people in trouble, he will try his best to help them. He is a good policeman. And many people like him very much. But my father always has a point: Helping people is his duty.
他喜欢助人为乐。他经常骑着自己的.摩托车到处去。每当看到别人有困难,他就会努力帮助他们。但是我爸爸的观点是:帮助别人是自己的职责。
My father likes reading books very much. Because he thinks: A good book is a good friend. So he reads books after work every day.
我爸爸很喜欢看书。因为他觉得:一本好书是一个好朋友。所以他每天下班都要看说。
Sometimes he plays games with me. We are very happy.
有时候他会和我一起玩游戏。我们很开心。
I like him very much, because he is not only my father, but also my good friend.
我非常爱他,因为他不仅是我的爸爸,还是我的好朋友。
小作者分别从爸爸的职业,爱好,习惯等方面,非常形象的介绍了自己的爸爸。
My Winter Holiday` Plans Well, winter holiday is coming. So whatI am going to do? I am going to read English books,surf the Internet,play badmintoon every day。And first I am going to finish my homework 。In addition, I am going to leave Shantou for Xiamen with my family and we are going to stay there for ten days。And after we are getting there, we are going to eat delicious food,climb the mountains in the Jin Bang Park。That must be a lot more fun and we will very excited。How about you?What are you going to do when the Winter Holiday is coming?
My father is of middle height.His eyes are sharp and full of expression.He always appears serious and looks like a judge.At first sight you may think he is hard to come near.In fact he is very kind and thoughtful① of others and their feelings.Appearance often makes people think wrongly; therefore we cannot give an opinion about a person by appearance.
My father is a man of success.By his own talents and efforts,he has achieved great achievements in what he does.He has not only created wealth for society but also provided our family with a rich life.Now he is well-known to people all over the city.People of all walks of life②come to my house and,as a result,I gain lots of hard-earned social experiences③and see more joys and sorrows of the world.
At home my father is a severe parent.He is very strict with my mother and me.He does not allow my mother to accept anything from others.He requires that my mother should go to office in time and leave it last.He has high expectations of me.④ When I am lazy and idling away my time⑤,I can see that it hurts him deeply.When I am doing something great,such as carrying out an experiment,he is more than excited.With such a father I am always reminded of going on and on,never giving up.
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