四级作文万能句和关联词【一】
……一……就……，……首先……然后……，……便……，……于是……，……才……，……接着……
四级作文万能句和关联词【二】
尽管……可是……，虽然……但是……，……却……，……然而……
四级作文万能句和关联词【三】
In short, it can be said that
四级作文万能句和关联词【四】
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为，翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程，它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理，而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则，翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者（听者）的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究，对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为：“翻译就是交际。”他指出，信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用，而译文如果起不到交际作用，不能为读者所理解，就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者，因此，要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图，这就需要译者首先要理解原文，并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联，获得最佳的语境效果，最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果，并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程，而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此，译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力，还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力，帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息，这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合，产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中，译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解，从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而，译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构，将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者，只会使译文读者不知所云，导致交际失败。例如，如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达，并未传达原文的真实意义，对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道：壁橱里藏骷髅，丑事家家有。”这样，译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联，译文也更易被中国读者所接受，译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁，其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功，译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联，达到最佳的交际效果。因此，译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解，做出准确的判断，对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人，成事在天”的翻译，霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes，God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩，使译作带上了基督教色彩，从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换，意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中，既要重视语言本身，也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设，不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境，还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息，这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境，而是一系列语境。在话语理解中，人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行，主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的，而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下，交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反，这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设，通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如：“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中，“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起，但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起，汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境，按照中国人的认知思维，把fox翻译成“狐狸精”，那无疑是错误的，因为在英语中，它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此，译者应该对原语进行文化推理，获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文，达到交际的目的。
四级作文万能句和关联词【五】
只要……就……，只有……才……，无论……都……，不管……也……
四级作文万能句和关联词【六】
本人在参加英语BEC中级考试取得了不错的`成绩，现把我半年来在准备作文时常用到的一些句型推荐给大家，希望对备考英语BEC的网友有所帮助。
第一部分、BEC作文段首句常用句型:
一、对立观点命题形式的首句：
1. Many people do not doubt that A is superior to B , while others think quite differently on the issue of _____. Personally, I stand on the side of A .
2. Some people say A , other people argue B . In a word , _____. But I cannot agree this point of view for many reasons.
3. There are different views concerning this topic . Some people like to CHOOSE A , some prefer to CHOOSE B . Personally , I prefer B . I think B has more advantages.
4. From my point of view , it is more advisable to CHOOSE A than to CHOOSE B . 5. Despite the fact that most people prefer A , I would like to choose B because the following reasons .
6. In general , I prefer to _____ .
7. As far as I am concerned , I would like to prefer _____ .
8. When it comes to _____ , most people tend to believe A . But others consider B as _____ .
9. When asked about _____ , the vast majority of people would support that A . But others regard B as _____ .
10. At the risk of address the issue too direct , I prefer A because I think that _____ .
11. When asked about _____ , many people give their opinions that _____ , but other people may see _____ differently .
12. When faced with _____ , quite a few would claim that _____ , but others , in contrast , deem _____ as _____ .
13. When inquired about _____ , the vast majority of people would like to _____ , but other people , who hold an opposite view , consider _____ as _____ .
14. When _____ is mentioned _____ , most people believe that _____ , but other people would rather think _____ as _____ .
15. While many people may stick to me idea that _____ , I would like to prefer _____ .
二、单一观点式
A . Agree
1. One of the greatest writers once said that _____ . Now , it still has its significant realistic value .
2. I would follow the reasoning that _____ .
3. Many people advocate that _____ . They claim that _____ . My opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons .
4. I totally agree with the statement that _____ . The reasons are presented below .
5. After pondering this question on many occasions , I finally reached the conclusion that _____ is something worthy to do and I cannot skip it .
6. my arguments for point are listed as follows.
7. I agree with the above statement because _____ .
8. Nowhere in the world has the issue of _____ been so much debated like in our society .
9. I agree with the statement that _____ without reservation because _____ . 10. Thinking logically , I can only say that the title statement is valid because _____ .
11. I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that _____ .
12. Some may hold the opinion that AAA . But others have a negative attitude . As far as I am concerned , I agree that _____ .
13. Many one have the idea that AAA . However , many others disagree with this argument . But both side of the problem whether _____ are supported by good reasons .
14. Recently , it has been much debated over the problem of AAA . Those who object to AAA announce that _____ . But those who favor AAA utter a sonorous voice that _____ .
15. Recently , there is vehement discussion on the issue of _____ . Those who criticize _____ argue that _____ . They claim that _____ . But people who firmly advocate _____ , on the other hand , argue that _____ .
16. There is a much-debated problem today about _____ . Those who object to _____ argue that _____ . They are very sure about _____ . But people who prefer _____ , on the other hand , claim that _____ .
B . Disagree
1. Until recently , _____ was viewed as _____ . But people are taking a fresh look at it .
2. Recently , we often hear about _____ . But is it ?
3. These days , it is often heard about _____ . But is this really the truth ?
4. I feel such an attitude is negative , and that it can bring _____.
5. Some people argue as if it is a general truth that _____ . But to be frank , I cannot agree with them for the flowing reasons .
6. Despite the fact that many people believe that _____ , I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis .
7. Although some people hold the opinion that _____ , I wonder whether the argument could bear close examination .
8. In the nationwide , discussion , many people argue that _____ . But I can say nothing but _____ .
9. Advocates of AAA proclaim that _____ , but I _____ .
10. Until recently , _____ was regarded as _____ . But _____ .
11. Some people think that _____ , but I disagree with this opinion for numerous reasons , as presented below .
12. Now , it is increasingly mentioned that _____ . Such people think _____ . But I can only cast doubt on whether _____ .
13. Now , it is widely believed that _____ . These people think _____ . But I wonder if _____ .
14. I cannot totally the idea that _____ . Because , in my point of view , I believe _____ .
15. As a matter of fact , I support that _____ , but I cannot agree with the title statement .
16. Nowadays , it is widely held that _____ . People of this kind think _____ .But I doubt whether _____ .
第二部分、BEC作文常用结尾句:
1. Taking into account of all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that_____ .
2. All reliable evidences point to one saying , that is _____ .
3. For the reasons presented above , I strongly commit to the notion that _____ .
4. While it is true that _____ , I think that _____ .
5. Given the factors I have just outlined , I can only say that _____ .
6. This is not to say that _____ . But in terms of _____ , it is _____ .
7. Therefore , it is easy to draw the conclusion that _____ .
8. Recognizing the fact that _____ should drive us to conclude that _____ .
9. To put all into a nutshell , I _____ .
10. In a word , I support the statement that it is better to _____ because Good stuff! Wonder why there are so few hits.
