1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
每种物品都有它的保质期。对于爱来说,它的保质期是永恒。
商店街的食品专柜前,常有人说,先看看保质期再买。
但有一次的对话却很特别。
小女孩举起手中的棒棒糖笑着说:“妈妈,爸爸,这有没过期啊,我想吃!”
只见两位中年人,笑道说:“没呢,宝贝。它的保质期还有2天呢!”
听罢,小女孩笑了,开心的吃了起来,但小女孩嘴角的一丝笑容很快消失了,稚气的脸上挂上了一丝严肃,她回头望了望身后的父母,歪起头问:“爸爸,妈妈,你们爱我吗?”
“当然啦,我的小宝贝!”
“那……那,保质期是多久?”
这一问,中年人的脸上去掉了微笑,他们思索了许久,仍旧没有答复;慢慢的小女孩不耐烦了,她生气了,撅着小嘴,不理睬父母,见此,父母说出了自个儿的答案:
“人生变化无常,不知何时,我们就将离开你,当离开后,也许就是分离一辈子,无论如何,上帝给了每人一根生命之烛,我要为谁燃烧由我说了算,今生我们会为你而燃,下辈子也会,那就是永恒,所以呢,爸爸妈妈会爱你一辈子的,宝贝,别胡思乱想了。”
小女孩不懂,但她还是笑了,天真的笑了。
两位中年人,看着她,似乎在说:“即使要分开,也永远不会忘记……那阳光般的笑容!”
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
友谊是酒,浓郁却不缺辛辣;友谊是茶,苦涩却值得品味。
友谊如果比作牛奶,它在一个月以后就会过期;如果比作果汁,它在一年后就会过期;但如果友谊是酒,越久就会越有味,越浓郁!
我多么想让我的友谊都像这样样哪?可是…什么事会那么如意哪?我最后都是含泪而归的,或许,是我太…
我也有过那么一段美好的友谊,不过,它的保质期只有几个月,但这段友谊给我的影响很大,我会时不时的回忆起这段友谊,回忆起我们的酸甜苦辣,也回忆起分别是彼此的冷,分别时的痛苦只有自己能够的到,那是一种心痛到极点但却要装作无所谓的绝望!有人说:爱情才是最美的,相对而言爱情的分别才是最痛的,但是我觉得:和朋友,真正的朋友在一起才是最美的,最幸福的,所以友谊的分别,才是世上最疼的分别!
有人说:还是友谊天长地久。其实友谊未必天长地久,友谊不在长短,只在价值!为了更多的友谊和诚信,我放弃了,但我觉得值,因为我们还有这段友谊的象征物!如果有人问我这究竟是一段怎样的友谊?也许我并不会告诉他,因为我不愿把这段友谊与别人分享,在这件事上,我是自私的!
用心交的人,结局往往并不是完美的!
我想我会记住这个人,这段时光,时光在现实生活中会过期,但是刻在脑海里的东西是永远不会过期的,我明白,这会是一个“没有保质期的永远”,它的保质期会比永远多一天……
生活似水,向其中加入记忆,慢慢品味,或淡或咸,品尝属于自己的味道!
生活似水,缓缓跟随时间的脚步,做一个倾听者,默默地向前挪步,追随你自己,把生命的精彩涂满“过客”的脚印……
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