1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
秋风飘向了果园。它悄悄降落在苹果树的枝梢上,只一挥手,一个个硕大的苹果就成了高雅古典的红宝石,沉甸甸地垂在树上,摇摇欲坠。它又忽忽赶去,将橘树上晶莹剔透的露珠拂去,一个个艳艳的小灯笼挂在树上,可喜庆了。突然它又猛地扑向银梨树,顿时,茵茵绿丛中洒满了金色的喜悦。调皮的它好像想到了什么,快速窜动着,“唰”,一片嫩嫩的桃树叶被它夺走啦!小桃子可不开心了,使劲涨红了小脸,嘟起了鲜红的嘴巴,秋风只得慢慢抚摸桃子的小脸蛋,也把那一片秋的叶子放在桃树脚下。红枣结出了丰硕的果实,桂圆也相继成熟了,火红的杮子争先恐后地落地,板栗被扔进了一只只箩筐。人们望着这一张张美丽的笑脸,秋风的足迹就按在了果园里。
秋风跳入了田野。它小心地爬上了高粱,用力挥舞着高粱头顶的红缨,高粱这个红脸酒鬼,被秋风摇得更晕了,开始东倒西歪。它又一跃而起,在空中翻了个跟头,将头儿一低,身儿一摇,再猛地抬起,溅了秋风一身水,它只好赶紧逃,免得再被甩一身。它突然冲进麦田,与金麦一起沸腾、欢呼,麦子被秋风的热情感染,掀起了滔天麦浪,可谓是“一浪更比一浪高”啊。玉米秸的杆子十分结实,白菜的.叶子绿的发亮,萝卜变的雪白雪白,茶树也开始散发清香。人们望着这一张张美丽的笑脸,秋风的脚印就留在了田野上。
秋风溜进了森林。它伸出手,小心地点了一下松树,“啊!”风儿的手被尖利的松针扎破了,流出绿色的雪,松树就被染成绿色了,一直没有褪色。它又飞到枫树旁边,枫树为了迎接秋风,把自己的手拍得“啪、啪”响,巴掌都拍红了。它快速飞行着,忽然听见森林中“沙沙、沙沙”的美妙歌声,便放慢脚步,彬彬有礼地走到银杏旁边,它喜欢这位大自然歌唱家,便送她好多金色的小扇儿,银杏可开心了,优雅地扇了起来,可美了。秋风又变成鹿的知心好友,陪它一起散步,一起奔跑。秋风见松鼠从树上跌落,连忙托起了松鼠,将它安全放回地面。它和小熊撒娇,和小鸟歌唱。人们望着这一张张美丽的笑脸,秋风的身影就刻在了森林中。
秋风像一丝彩色的绸缎飘向了果园,像一位可爱的精灵跳入了田野,像一个调皮的孩子溜进了森林,当然,它还去了许多地方-……让我们祝福它,神奇的风儿哪!
1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
Computer is a very useful machine. Some of them are big, but some of them are very small .Many people like playing computer. Computer has many functions, so that people can do a lot of things by computer, like watching movies, listening to the music or playing games. It can make our lives very colorful and convenient. Various people can make good use of computer. Children can use computer to learn and play games. Parents can use computers to work. I think computer is a kind of wonderful and interesting machine, so I like computer very much.
电脑是一种很有用的机器。有的电脑很大,但是有的\'很小。很多人喜欢玩电脑。电脑有很多功能,人们可以i用电脑做很多事情,比如说看电影,听音乐或者玩游戏。它可以使我们的生活充满色彩和便利。各种各样的人都可以好好利用电脑。小孩子可以用电脑来学习和玩游戏。父母可以用电脑来工作。我认为电脑是一种神奇有趣的机器,所以我很喜欢电脑。
So people call it Mountain City。 In Chong Qing,I went to the Red Stone Center, to see the places which the prisoners lived in the past。 It is a terrible and awful trip。 There are a lot of dogs, and soldiers with guns near the prisons。 And most of the prisons are good, they didn't want to tell the bad people where the other people were。 They lived in very small houses。 No good food to eat, no good water to drink。They had only twenty minutes to stay out side per day but they still said nothing。
I think they are the heros in that century。 I will follow their spirit。
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