万唯作文社会类【一】
假期的心情特别好，今天吃过早餐，哼着歌，随着轻快的拍子，走到阳台的摇椅上看起了新闻。
我看到其中的一侧新闻是这样说的：有一个人假期带着年老的母亲去看冰灯，开心地给老母亲拍照片，拍完了，在那检查是否照片虚了时，老母亲要下台阶，她对身边的女孩说：“闺女，能搭把手给我扶着你下这个台阶吗？”女孩伸出胳膊支持老母亲下那个台阶。老母亲谢过后，身后马上传来了女孩的妈妈教育女孩的声音：“老人要是摔倒，我们家就赔惨了。”
看完了这侧新闻我心都寒了，一个个字硬生生地敲着我的好心情。要知道我们中华传统文化就是尊老爱幼，要是没有人帮助老人，就连扶一下老人也怕成那个样子，怕要承担责任，我们现在谁也不敢扶，以后谁还会扶我们呢？
想了一天，我也想不明白，难道一个老人也扶不起吗？正是：爱吾爱，以及人之爱；老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。
万唯作文社会类【二】
由农夫承担责任。农夫会付给养牛者l1作为补偿养牛者减少牛群数目的损失，而l1大于养牛者的损失l2，但小于农夫由此而获得的收益l3。
前提：交易成本为0。
*两种方式都导致一种结果：双方都盈利，双方都满意，产值、利润最大化，资源配置最优化。
万唯作文社会类【三】
研究问题的方法必须改变，要考虑总的效果：社会成本和社会利润。
斯蒂格勒概括的“科斯定理”：
1、如果交易成本为0，不管权利如何进行初始配置，当事人之间的谈判都会导致使这些财富最大化的安排。
2、交易成本不可能为0，不同的权利界定会带来不同效率的资源配置。
3、产权制度的供给是人们进行交易、优化资源配置的基础。
万唯作文社会类【四】
万唯作文社会类【五】
【习作题目】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
1．学生给老师打分已很普遍；
2．人们对其持不同态度（肯定或否定的态度）；
3．你的看法。
【习作解读】
显然，此任务是写一篇议论文，主题为对学生给老师打分的现象进行议论，开放性较大。学生应根据实际情况，从多个方面阐述其原因并表达自己对这种现象的观点和态度。该话题更加贴近学生的实际生活，但有一定的语言难度，也有一定的思想深度。通过此文的写作，也从侧面提示了学生在注重写作基础训练的前提下，也应该注重培养积极思考、灵活运用、自由发挥等能力。
此次的写作任务出题相当巧妙，写作内容涉及的词汇和句型都属于新课程标准范围。题目在考查学生写作能力的同时，也在考查学生的分析判断能力及高度概括能力。富有想象力的学生写出的文章可能生动而富有灵性。此题目能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思，学会换位思考，这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要。
【习作展示】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
Nowadays, a lot of schools ask their students to contribute to grading their teachers. As a teacher, it is their responsibility to satisfy their students in all aspects. Meanwhile, it is admirable that school teachers prefer to expose themselves to their students.
If the system of grading of teachers by students is introduced, it will benefit students, teachers and the administration of the school for a number of reasons. For one thing, the system will give teachers and the administration of the school an insight into the minds of the students and show whether the teachers are successful in getting their lessons understood by the students; for another, it will also encourage the good teachers to continue their efforts and motivate themselves. What is more, it will expose those who are not doing enough and will lead them to correct their teaching methods as well as their attitude towards students. Thus the quality of teaching will certainly improve.
In a word, it is a promising concept and will bring surprisingly good results if applied with the right conditions.
【习作点评】
作者观点明确，赞成学生给老师打分。作为老师，就要做一个让学生满意的老师。这样，不仅对学生、学校有利，而且对老师本人也有利。这样，老师就会从另一个角度重新审视自己，看自己是否是一个成功的老师。如果得到学生的认可，这将是对自己的一次鼓励，为继续前行增添动力。如果学生的认可度不高，老师就应进行反思，调控教学方法和教学态度。这样，教学质量肯定会提高。作
者用简洁、明快的语言以及自己的经历列举了充分的论据，内容充实，贴近生活。For one thing, for another, what is more, in a word等过渡词的使用，是短文结构清晰，层次分明。最后，最值得一提的是，文中多次正确运用的高级词汇和复杂句式，给文章增添了不少文采。综上所述，这是一篇不可多得的佳作，值得向大家推荐。
二、写作模板
此模板适用于社会现象类议论文。参考模式如下：
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental There are a couple of reasons behind this problem/phenomenon. For one ；Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
Nowadays, there exists a common phenomenon—with the development of the Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones to their friends and relatives when an important holiday comes.
There are a couple of reasons behind this phenomenon. For one thing, compared with the traditional cards, electronic cards are more lively and interesting. They can give not only pictures but also sound and animation. For another, there are many websites online which offer varieties of cards for you to choose from. What is more, with the popularity of the electronic cards, less paper is used in making paper cards, which does good to our environment.
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that sending greetings by using electronic cards will be accepted by more and more people, not only the young ones.
三、写作指导
写作思路是先列出一个具体的社会问题或者现象，然后分析产生的原因和产生的影响，最后提出解决问题的办法，或者得出结论，或者提出个人看法，或者预测前景。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是作者对所议论问题所持有的见解和主张，论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段都有主题句来确定论点。论证的方法很多，但最常用的是因果分析法。即：分析事实与论点的因果关系，指出取得结果的原因是所要证明的论点，从而达到论证的目的。
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的.出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
四、巩固练习
1.【练习题目】
2010年上海世界博览会期间，上万的青年志愿者参加志愿工作，请你谈谈对此现象的看法。
【参考范文】
During the period of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, tens of thousands of young citizens are participating in volunteer work, hoping to devote themselves to the grand occasion. As far as I am concerned, everyone ought to enter for it. Here are the reasons I want to mention.
It can be argued that the advantages of doing unpaid volunteer work are enormous, because volunteer work is actually a two-way street. First of all, volunteer work should always benefit people who need help. Those who need help will feel happier due to our immediate help. On the other hand, as far as the young people ourselves are concerned, we have more opportunities to develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others.
Through this kind of work, we become confident and mature. In addition, we can make many friends and increase our chances of getting the jobs of our dreams. Furthermore, volunteer work plays an active role in building up a harmonious society.
In a word, it is of great value for the young adults to offer volunteer work. The youth volunteers do make a difference by the voluntary work! Why not join them and do something for our country?
2.【练习题目】
某些中学生为了显示自己成熟或表明自己醋而吸烟。请写一篇120词左右的短文，列举吸烟的危害，并提出建议。
【参考范文】
I am sorry to know that more and more middle school students begin to smoke. I think it is wrong to believe that smoking is cool and even think that smoking makes you appear to be mature. In fact, smoking is not cool but very dangerous.
First, smoking can do much damage to health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart diseases, cancers and other problems. It is reported that about 5 million people die of diseases related to smoking each year all over the world.
Second, it is a waste of money to smoke cigarettes. Smoking can cost a great deal of money. Once you are addicted to it, it is difficult to give it up.
What’s more, smoking can cause fires easily, which may do great damage to your life and your surroundings.
So give up smoking at once! Only in this way can you keep healthy forever.
3. 【练习题目】近年来，越来越多的中学生出国学习，出现了所谓的中学生“出国热”。请根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
1）良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。
2）拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。
3）传播各民族间的不同文化。
参考词汇：媒介，中间人：mediator
【参考范文】
In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese middle school students have gone to foreign countries to study．Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.
There are a number of reasons for attending schools abroad．First, students who are studying abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. They can communicate with each other directly and learn about different cultures. Second, they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries and experience different education methods．Third, they live in foreign countries and take classes given by foreign teachers. As a result, they can learn foreign languages much more quickly.
Therefore, it is advisable to attend schools abroad.
4.【练习题目】随着经济和社会的发展，道路上的私人小汽车越来越多。请根据自己的观察和理解，谈谈自己的观点。
【参考范文】
With the fantastic development both in economy and in society in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But I strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.
I hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run on the road, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic jams so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In a word, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore, I am against developing private cars.
万唯作文社会类【六】
??会无电的光景750字未来，社会上变得黯淡无光。
在大街上，假若你看到了一丝光亮，就会非常惊奇。在那个时候，能有电，就已经很不错了，能用电，是每个人的理想。
原来，人类大量开产碟矿，导致世界的“血”从地球上脱离而去。人们都需要用电，而自然的发电已不再能达到人们的需要了。这都是人类不懂得保护自然的缘故。家不再变得温馨，孩子们没了电，就不能看电视了，一到夜晚，只能靠月亮的光来写作业。大人没了电，不能打手机，发电子邮件，没有电脑的帮助，工作变得越来越艰苦……人们这才意识到保护自然、节约用电是多么重要的一件事啊！大家都悲痛地落下泪，不禁回想起以前美好的光景。
在古代，老祖宗告诉我们，那个时候，不但每户人家都点着亮莹莹的灯，而且电视、电脑都可以快速地传送信息，空调还能解决酷暑和严寒呢！
太多的事例说也说不尽。人们都各自望望自己的家：只见家中除了几张桌子，几条椅子，几张床，其它什么也没有，真是空空如也！
夏天来了，人们只能呆在家里，用庞大的衣橱挡阳光。可太阳是个巨大的火球，能穿透一切，偶尔有几丝阳光照射进来，刺得人们连眼睛都睁不开，家变得闷热了，可有什么办法呢？在冬天刚好相反，大家都沉浸“呼呼”北风的寒冷中了。
世界上没了电，超市也扮演起古老的方式来购物了。商品上的.条形码已离开了人们的视野，包装也是人工制成的。世界上再也没了印刷字，都是人辛辛苦苦写出来的。没有了机器的帮助，房屋都是粗制滥造。任何东西都不是平整了，人们都走在凹凸不平的黄土地上了……大家感受到了原始社会的情景。
自从有了人后，从衰到强，没了电后，从强又到了弱。未来的社会，是黯淡无比，这句话说得一点儿也不错。说到这里，人们又一次失声痛苦起来。有一天，所有的都在梦在看到：经过一番曲折后，世界又恢复了往前的平静……
万唯作文社会类【七】
今天，我在网上看到了一则新闻。新闻的内容是：汕尾侦破今年最大的贩婴案，13名疑犯被捕，11名男婴获救，但是找不到父母。中间人林秀香和他云南的下线，从外地购买26名男婴，再由他的9名下线卖出。解救的11名男婴通过DNA也找不到亲生父母，有的仍寄养在民警家中，有的又回到了买婴家庭暂时寄养。
看到这里的时候，我的心很痛。这些人太坏了，竟然为了钱，做出这么多坏事。他们有没有想过，这些男婴，如果是他们自己的孩子，他们还会这么做吗？
我也为这些没找到爸爸妈妈的弟弟伤心，他们这么小就没有见过父母，该多伤心啊！我们一定要呼吁社会，让弟弟们早日找到自己的父母，早日回家。
万唯作文社会类【八】
第三、四、五部分都隐含了一个前提：在市场交易中是不存在成本的。但这不是现实，是个假定。通常交易成本很高，使交易根本无法进行。“一旦考虑到进行市场交易的成本，那么显然只有这种调整后的产值增长多于它所带来的成本时，权利的调整才能进行”。“在这种情况下，合法权利的初始界定会对经济制度的运行效率产生影响”。
“问题在于如何选择合适的社会安排来解决有害的效应。所有解决的办法都需要一定成本，而且没有理由认为由于市场和企业不能很好地解决问题，因此政府管制就是有必要的”。
七、权利的法律界定以及有关的经济问题
“当市场交易成本是如此之高以致于难以改变法律已确定的权利安排时，情况就完全不同了。此时，法院直接影响着经济行为”。
“我们在处理有妨害后果的行为时所面临的问题，并不是简单地限制那些有责任者。必须决定的是，防止妨害的收益是否大于作为停止产生该损害行为的结果而在其他方面遭受的损失。在由法律制度调整权利需要成本的世界上，法院在有关妨害的案件中，实际上做的是有关经济问题的判决，并决定各种资源如何利用”。
