初三社会类作文800【一】
由农夫承担责任。农夫会付给养牛者l1作为补偿养牛者减少牛群数目的损失，而l1大于养牛者的损失l2，但小于农夫由此而获得的收益l3。
前提：交易成本为0。
*两种方式都导致一种结果：双方都盈利，双方都满意，产值、利润最大化，资源配置最优化。
初三社会类作文800【二】
夜，是凄的。
风，是静的'。
雨，是平和的。
手中攥紧的笔抖动着凄美的孤线，传达心脏。
失落，伤感，毫不留情一涌而出，留下冰封的心，和散涣溅落的泪纸页，我无力的呜咽着，生命被打开洞穴，关上洞穴——是封锁处的黑暗，光明中留下凄美不堪的回忆。
那是黄昏时分，灰蒙蒙的际空坠泪牛毛细雨，便欣喜异然的“你”依依不舍春雨润人的心的甜美滋味，无数的雨从没有尽头的际空，毅然的坠泪大地，坠泪针眼般的毛孔，赫然的湛入心脏，化为一种美妙的感觉。
春雨多情，温暖如阳。
当“你”迈着含蓄的步履享受这种待遇的时候，等待的却是血腥的一幕，如同刺一般的扭曲，痛击“你”的心脏及眼睛，惊恐掩饰了散发在空气内的痛吼。
一只血肉模糊的尸体，一只被活活肢解的猫，粘在地面被雨水充沛，肠子被邪恶的掏出，无情的被扒下皮，四肢血淋淋的被参差不齐的砍断，“你”惊恐万分的发现那双眼睛里幻化万物的只有一种毛然悚骨的恨。
泪，疯狂的占用了“你”有面颊。
“你”的眼前隐约一位性情狂暴的变态，在疯狂的踩着一只死里逃生的猫……随着“喵……”撕心裂肺的呼喊，无力的筑起一道血色人性。
久久的冷颤，久久的泪落，……雨肆无忌惮的呼吼……
画面中凄楚的女孩手中攥着木板，紧紧的用左手捂着嘴，很小心的支起被支解的尸体，一次又一次划过痛楚，成为凄美的结构图。
小墓在夜幕来临时，模糊不清。
抬起头，向窗外望去。
夜，是凄的。
风，是静的。
雨，是平和的。
你，是那个看到如血残阳一幕的人，所以请你献起一份爱心。
在这个同样的雨季里我深深祝福那只猫，把快乐带往天堂。
然后深深的呼吸一口气：
爱心，爱心来自何处——请允许我告诉你来自人性。
初三社会类作文800【三】
羊牛者(甲对农夫(乙所造成的损害承担责任。“赔偿费用的支付额取决于农夫与养牛者进行讨价还价的本领。但这笔费用既不会高得使养牛者放弃这个地点，也不会不随牛群规模而变”。“这种协议不会影响资源的配置，但会改变养牛者与农夫之间的收入和财富的分配”。简单地说，养牛者支付给农夫m1，而m1大于农夫放弃土地耕种的收益m2，但m1小于养牛者由此新获得的收益m3。
前提：交易成本为0。
初三社会类作文800【四】
科斯以四个实例论证其观点的本质，并表明其普遍适用性。
甲对乙的侵害对乙来说是损失，但，如果不让甲侵害乙，同样会对甲造成损失。
如果甲胜诉，乙会找甲谈判，表示：如果甲放弃对乙的权利，乙会给甲补偿，而且补偿大于甲不放弃权利的收益。(乙对甲的补偿小于乙因此带来的.收益。这样，甲乙可以达成协议。
如果乙胜诉，甲会找甲谈判，表示：如果乙放弃对甲的权利，甲会给乙补偿，而且补偿大于乙不放弃权利的收益。(甲对乙的补偿小于甲因此带来的收益。同样，甲乙可以达成协议。
因此，无论如何，在交易成本为0的情况下，甲乙都会通过谈判实现产值、利润最大化，资源配置最优化。
初三社会类作文800【五】
甲对乙的污染或侵扰固然是一种侵害。但，如果不让甲侵害乙，会使甲受到侵害。问题具有交互性，处理这个问题要全面权衡利害关系，“必须从总体的和边际的角度看待这一问题”。
初三社会类作文800【六】
：鉴于不想剧透文中过多的细节，我们在这里只给出一些我们的观点。事实上，我们认为科纳维尔的问题并不在于我们潜意识中的所谓“无组织”，而在于它本身的社会组织难以和周围的社会结构融为一体。
对科纳维尔青年而言，他们的抉择本身存在着冲突：他们要么进入商业和共和党政治的'世界，或者进入民主党政治和非法活动团体的世界。如果他在第一个世界发展，那么他会受到整个社会的承认，但在科纳维尔他永远是一个异己分子；相反地，如果在第二个世界中生存，他大概会成为一个被社会抛弃的人。
结合书中，当地的很多意大利青年（包括大学生和一些街角帮领袖）都试图融入美国社会。又因为这些青年无法摆脱自己意大利人的认知，他们都陷入了这样一种冲突，这也就增加了他们离开科纳维尔的难度。
由此可见，一方面，当地人的看法导致了这种情况的发生和某种意义上的加剧；但另一方面，来自上述文化冲突的另一方——美国的影响也是显而易见的。在美利坚所谓“多元与包容”的文化外衣下，它与生俱来的排他性也激化了这种状况。
只有科纳维尔出现更多文中奇克所代表的开放价值观，美国社会的这种偏见才会减少，那时才会形成文化的真正融合。
初三社会类作文800【七】
引出问题：如何处理工厂(甲对居民(乙的烟尘污染问题?庇古，《福利经济学》：赔偿、征税或责令工厂迁出。科斯认为这些办法并不合适，这类问题有待分析。
初三社会类作文800【八】
【习作题目】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
1．学生给老师打分已很普遍；
2．人们对其持不同态度（肯定或否定的态度）；
3．你的看法。
【习作解读】
显然，此任务是写一篇议论文，主题为对学生给老师打分的现象进行议论，开放性较大。学生应根据实际情况，从多个方面阐述其原因并表达自己对这种现象的观点和态度。该话题更加贴近学生的实际生活，但有一定的语言难度，也有一定的思想深度。通过此文的写作，也从侧面提示了学生在注重写作基础训练的前提下，也应该注重培养积极思考、灵活运用、自由发挥等能力。
此次的写作任务出题相当巧妙，写作内容涉及的词汇和句型都属于新课程标准范围。题目在考查学生写作能力的同时，也在考查学生的分析判断能力及高度概括能力。富有想象力的学生写出的文章可能生动而富有灵性。此题目能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思，学会换位思考，这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要。
【习作展示】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
Nowadays, a lot of schools ask their students to contribute to grading their teachers. As a teacher, it is their responsibility to satisfy their students in all aspects. Meanwhile, it is admirable that school teachers prefer to expose themselves to their students.
If the system of grading of teachers by students is introduced, it will benefit students, teachers and the administration of the school for a number of reasons. For one thing, the system will give teachers and the administration of the school an insight into the minds of the students and show whether the teachers are successful in getting their lessons understood by the students; for another, it will also encourage the good teachers to continue their efforts and motivate themselves. What is more, it will expose those who are not doing enough and will lead them to correct their teaching methods as well as their attitude towards students. Thus the quality of teaching will certainly improve.
In a word, it is a promising concept and will bring surprisingly good results if applied with the right conditions.
【习作点评】
作者观点明确，赞成学生给老师打分。作为老师，就要做一个让学生满意的老师。这样，不仅对学生、学校有利，而且对老师本人也有利。这样，老师就会从另一个角度重新审视自己，看自己是否是一个成功的老师。如果得到学生的认可，这将是对自己的一次鼓励，为继续前行增添动力。如果学生的认可度不高，老师就应进行反思，调控教学方法和教学态度。这样，教学质量肯定会提高。作
者用简洁、明快的语言以及自己的经历列举了充分的论据，内容充实，贴近生活。For one thing, for another, what is more, in a word等过渡词的使用，是短文结构清晰，层次分明。最后，最值得一提的是，文中多次正确运用的高级词汇和复杂句式，给文章增添了不少文采。综上所述，这是一篇不可多得的佳作，值得向大家推荐。
二、写作模板
此模板适用于社会现象类议论文。参考模式如下：
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental There are a couple of reasons behind this problem/phenomenon. For one ；Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
Nowadays, there exists a common phenomenon—with the development of the Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones to their friends and relatives when an important holiday comes.
There are a couple of reasons behind this phenomenon. For one thing, compared with the traditional cards, electronic cards are more lively and interesting. They can give not only pictures but also sound and animation. For another, there are many websites online which offer varieties of cards for you to choose from. What is more, with the popularity of the electronic cards, less paper is used in making paper cards, which does good to our environment.
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that sending greetings by using electronic cards will be accepted by more and more people, not only the young ones.
三、写作指导
写作思路是先列出一个具体的社会问题或者现象，然后分析产生的原因和产生的影响，最后提出解决问题的办法，或者得出结论，或者提出个人看法，或者预测前景。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是作者对所议论问题所持有的见解和主张，论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段都有主题句来确定论点。论证的方法很多，但最常用的是因果分析法。即：分析事实与论点的因果关系，指出取得结果的原因是所要证明的论点，从而达到论证的目的。
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的.出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
四、巩固练习
1.【练习题目】
2010年上海世界博览会期间，上万的青年志愿者参加志愿工作，请你谈谈对此现象的看法。
【参考范文】
During the period of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, tens of thousands of young citizens are participating in volunteer work, hoping to devote themselves to the grand occasion. As far as I am concerned, everyone ought to enter for it. Here are the reasons I want to mention.
It can be argued that the advantages of doing unpaid volunteer work are enormous, because volunteer work is actually a two-way street. First of all, volunteer work should always benefit people who need help. Those who need help will feel happier due to our immediate help. On the other hand, as far as the young people ourselves are concerned, we have more opportunities to develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others.
Through this kind of work, we become confident and mature. In addition, we can make many friends and increase our chances of getting the jobs of our dreams. Furthermore, volunteer work plays an active role in building up a harmonious society.
In a word, it is of great value for the young adults to offer volunteer work. The youth volunteers do make a difference by the voluntary work! Why not join them and do something for our country?
2.【练习题目】
某些中学生为了显示自己成熟或表明自己醋而吸烟。请写一篇120词左右的短文，列举吸烟的危害，并提出建议。
【参考范文】
I am sorry to know that more and more middle school students begin to smoke. I think it is wrong to believe that smoking is cool and even think that smoking makes you appear to be mature. In fact, smoking is not cool but very dangerous.
First, smoking can do much damage to health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart diseases, cancers and other problems. It is reported that about 5 million people die of diseases related to smoking each year all over the world.
Second, it is a waste of money to smoke cigarettes. Smoking can cost a great deal of money. Once you are addicted to it, it is difficult to give it up.
What’s more, smoking can cause fires easily, which may do great damage to your life and your surroundings.
So give up smoking at once! Only in this way can you keep healthy forever.
3. 【练习题目】近年来，越来越多的中学生出国学习，出现了所谓的中学生“出国热”。请根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
1）良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。
2）拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。
3）传播各民族间的不同文化。
参考词汇：媒介，中间人：mediator
【参考范文】
In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese middle school students have gone to foreign countries to study．Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.
There are a number of reasons for attending schools abroad．First, students who are studying abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. They can communicate with each other directly and learn about different cultures. Second, they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries and experience different education methods．Third, they live in foreign countries and take classes given by foreign teachers. As a result, they can learn foreign languages much more quickly.
Therefore, it is advisable to attend schools abroad.
4.【练习题目】随着经济和社会的发展，道路上的私人小汽车越来越多。请根据自己的观察和理解，谈谈自己的观点。
【参考范文】
With the fantastic development both in economy and in society in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But I strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.
I hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run on the road, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic jams so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In a word, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore, I am against developing private cars.
