My cousin lives in the mountain. Every evening, the most beautiful thing there is the charming sunset.
站在阳台上向远处望去,是连绵起伏的.高山,大约5点时,太阳便悄悄地躲到山的背后。
Standing on the balcony, looking into the distance, is a rolling mountain, about 5 o'clock, the sun will quietly hide behind the mountain.
太阳还是那么灿烂,仿佛永远年轻,永远不老似的。渐渐地,太阳变得通红,大地、天空、云彩,也被太阳映得通红。
The sun is still so bright, as if forever young, never old. Gradually, the sun becomes red, and the earth, sky and clouds are also reflected by the sun.
太阳只剩下半边脸了,它仿佛不舍得离去,还想多看看这美丽的东方。
The sun has only half of its face left. It seems to be reluctant to leave. It also wants to see the beautiful East.
Hello, my name is wang yan, a high heart can meet all of you, for me, is more stubborn, I decided that things will never change, unless you are right I was wrong.
Early in the morning, standing in front of the mirror, look in the mirror in the familiar face, feel oneself was a child, but I was in junior, is no longer a child.
Think of every little bit of good friends, unconsciously tears just climbed up the face, yeah! And did six years of his close friend, to this, that separate is separate, there must be many. But what's the use? Time is not to say stop. I still face the reality!
I am very forgetful, once, I can't find my shoes, anyway by mother remind later discovered I wash the shoes, on the outside. You said I am not forgetful forgetfulness.
I like the teacher's help, but I'm very careless, often counterproductive. Once the teacher asked me to help him finish his writing board, as a result, I listen to the blackboard writing all wipe up, the teacher without saying anything hard writing blackboard writing brush. The teacher got red in the face. Funny you say is not funny.
I am such a person, to welcome you all to find my friends! I'm very good friends but oh ~ ~
一个十二岁的女孩,高高的个子,瓜子型的脸上镶嵌着一对大眼睛,长长的睫毛显得大眼睛十分灵动,不仅如此,她还遗传妈妈,双眼皮宽宽的,但是她也像妈妈一样戴上了眼镜。她有宽宽的脑门,鼻子下面是一张能说会道的嘴巴。你猜出这是谁了吗?其实,这就是我!
我在学校是一个乖巧听话,令老师喜欢的孩子,谁会相信这样一个女孩回到家就摇身一变,成了顽皮,又带着无理取闹的丫头了,但这却是事实。
在家里,我和妈妈吵吵闹闹是常有的事,因为互不服气。有一次,我和妈妈去参加她朋友的`婚礼,当时下了雨,天气较凉,但我依然想穿着裙子去,妈妈不肯,为了这事,我们吵了起来。“可以穿,坐车去又不冷!”“不可能,你想感冒吗?”妈妈瞪着我,眼睛像葡萄一样大,我则毫不示弱,昂着头像小斗鸡似的,吵个不停。最后妈妈要发怒了,我一看,赶紧妥协,撇着嘴,带着满腔不情愿说:“不穿,行了吧。”这就是我,双面性格的我。
在学校担任班长职务的我,当然要开班会了。我清了清嗓子,走上讲台,开始了首次班会。
“同学们,我们今天来学习中学生日常行为规范……”我有条不紊的进行着班会,这可都要靠我平时积累的生活和六年在校的,而且还有我良好的语言表达能力。我按老师说的,提问同学,举例说明等等。要知道,现在我能站在台上大胆发言,是因为小学时担任过许多活动的主持人,充分锻炼了自己,所以我有信心开好班会。在老师的总结和同学们的掌声中我走下了讲台,顺利结束了班会。这就是我,自信勇敢的我。
每个星期天,我都不会错过科技频道《自然传奇》这个节目。有时看得入迷,妈妈叫我两三次我都没有听见。我喜欢它是因为它能告诉我自然界的许多知识,比如蚂蚁筑巢,各种蜘蛛如何捕食,植物的很多特点等等。而我最大的梦想,注意不是理想,就是去全球动植物最丰富的亚马逊丛林历险。这就是我,热爱自然的我。
这就是我,有双面性格的我;这就是我,自信勇敢的我;这就是我,热爱自然的我,你们了解我了吗?
A no African black boy, this year 12, small eyes, collapse collapse on the nose. And there was a big ears Desmond tutu gene "siddhi moving ears!
"The teacher is saying!" See, I and sister trueer, for example, 3/4 * 7/10. I said must take three quarters into the denominator is ten, elder sister said, also can directly take, I didn't pay attention in class, to lead to such result, I this is impatient.
"Clicking" I played the boy's favorite through the wire. The mother shouted: "have a pear for me!" When I was have a good time, very reluctantly said: "go play again for a while." After a while mother urged again, I still say to play for a while. When I play enough, it's been more than an hour, after the mother took a pear, mother long give a sigh said: "eat pears, you wash is really not easy!" This is I love playing computer.
"Get up!" Sister woke me, I rubbed his dim eyes, deep ground to say: "what time is it?" "11" "only 11 o 'clock will go to sleep!" "Today, cleaning,! Hurry up!" Three words heard the cleaning, I immediately pack to sleep, you know, I usually take a little clothes, socks, are ok, but... Cleaning or forget it! Sister cry to me a few words: "slacker!" This is not love doing housework, I love to sleep.
"Second, second pass" the person who is fierce Shouting it is me. I love playing basketball and table tennis, although I'm not too good, but I can play, a free until to don't want to play! And table tennis, we are all activity to practice and play, although I played not champions, but "no challenge champion will never be the champion" is the movement of love me!!!!!!!
"Oh! I have forgot my meal card in our bedroom!" Poor Zhang Shanzheng pain shouted. "I borrow your" I said without hesitation! Zhang Shanzheng hurriedly said thank you to me, my arms around him. "All are brothers, don't mention it!" Another time before six and I (3 class Zhao Junkai and fit in with the cui, we are all iron elder brothers, once was playing it, Zhao Junkai injured, we two word, holding him and ran the clinic, to check he don't have my card. I didn't take, I will let him to register my name, since the return of money!
This is me, more I trouble, less advantage of me. Don't you want to make friends with me?
一个没有非洲人黑的小男孩,今年12,小眼睛,塌塌的鼻子。又有大耳朵图图的基因“动耳神功!”
“老师就是这样讲的啊!”看,我又和姐姐较真,就比如说3/4*7/10吧!我说必须把3/4化成分母是十,姐姐说,也可以直接乘,都是我在课上没注意听,才导致成这样的结果,这就是不耐烦的我。
“嗒嗒”我又玩起了男生的最爱《穿越火线》。妈妈喊到:“给我洗个梨!”我正玩得高兴的时候,就很不情愿地说:“再玩一会再去。”过了一会妈妈又催了,我还是说再玩一会。等到我玩够了,已经过了一个多小时了,之后才给妈妈洗了个梨,妈妈长叹一口气说:“吃你洗的梨,可真是不太容易啊!”这就是爱玩电脑的我。
“起床了!”姐姐叫醒了我,我揉了揉朦胧的眼睛,低沉地说:“几点了?”“11点了”“才11点再睡会!”“今天大扫除,!赶紧起来!”一听到大扫除三个字,我立即就装睡,要知道,平常我洗个小衣服、小袜子,还行,可是……大扫除还是算了吧!姐姐对我嚎了几句:“懒虫!”这就是不爱干家务,爱睡觉的我。
“秒传,秒传”那个正激烈喊着的人正是我。我非常爱打篮球和乒乓球,虽然打得不是太好,但是一有空我就玩,直到玩到不想玩为止!还有乒乓球,我们都是活动课练和玩,虽然我打得不是冠军,但是,“不与冠军较量就永远不会是冠军”这就是爱运动的我!
“哎呀!我的饭卡忘在寝室了!”可怜的张山正痛苦得呐喊道。“我借你”我毫不犹豫的说!张山郑连忙对我说了声谢谢,我搂住他。“都是兄弟,不用客气!”还有一次我和以前六(3班的赵俊凯还有崔合群,我们都是铁哥们,有一次正在玩耍时,赵俊凯受伤了,我们俩二话不说,挽着他就往医务室跑,要结账了他没带卡。我也没带,我就让他登记我的名字,下回来还钱!
这就是我,毛病多的我,优点少的我。你们难道不愿意跟我交朋友吗?
20 世纪70 年代以前,西方翻译理论界主要采取文艺学和语言学两种研究模式,前者视翻译为艺术,强调译作的文学价值,后者视翻译为科学,把翻译理论和语义、语法作用的分析紧密结合起来,从语言的使用技巧上论述翻译。两者都是要把原文和译文进行文本对照。70 年代以后,翻译的理论研究出现了多元化的趋势,越来越多的学者开始注重文化对翻译的影响。他们把翻译放到一个宏大的文化语境中去审视,认为翻译是译入语社会中一个独特的政治行为、文化行为、文学行为,而译本是译者在译入语社会的诸多因素作用下的结果。从文化角度对翻译进行研究有着明显的优势,研究者借用各种当代文化理论去考察、剖析翻译作为跨文化交际行为在译入语社会中的巨大影响和作用,从而展现出翻译研究的巨大空间和发展前景。其中最为著名的就是“翻译研究学派”。
1972 年,客居荷兰的美国学者Holmes 发表了重要论文《翻译研究的名与实》,首次提出了“翻译研究”的概念,他认为翻译研究应当被视为一门独立学科,Holmes 也成为翻译研究学派的奠基人。翻译研究在20 世纪80 和90年代得以迅猛发展。我们从维也纳大学教授、知名学者Snell-Hornby 的论述中能看出其发展轨迹。1987 年Snell-Hornby 指出翻译研究无疑是属于未来的学科,到了1995 年她在《翻译研究——综合法》修订版的前言中已经把翻译研究称为一门发展速度惊人的独立学科了。
很多学者为翻译研究后来的发展做出了贡献,Lefevere 就是翻译研究学派的一位杰出代表,他的改写理论对翻译的文化研究有着深远的影响。
改写这一概念是Lefevere 提出的,他认为翻译、编史、选集、批评、编辑等等都是不同形式的改写,它们都从某种程度上对原文进行了改变和操控,其中翻译是最为明显、最有影响的改写,因为它在另一种文化中树立了作者或者作品的形象,让他们突破了原文化的界限。在《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》的前言中,Bassnette 和Lefevere 指出翻译是对原文的改写,而所有的改写,不管出于什么目的,都体现了某种意识形态和诗学,也同样对文学进行操控让它在某个社会中起到特定的作用(viii)。在这本书中,Lefevere 多次提到改写同意识形态和诗学的关系,翻译作为最明显的改写形式也要受到意识形态和诗学的限制。
(一)意识形态
意识形态有广泛的意义,是一个关于社会文化的概念。当我们谈论意识形态的时候,可能会涉及到政治经济情况、民族的文化导向甚至某个社会的文学体系。意识形态在翻译中起着重要作用,决定了译者将要采取的基本策略。Lefevere 在他的另一本书《文学翻译:比较文学背景下的理论与实践》中,明确指出译者都想出版自己的作品,如果译作同目标文化中人们接受的行为标准,也就是这种文化中的'意识形态不冲突,那译者的目的就容易达到。翻译过程中最为有影响力的意识形态限制来自于政治,尤其是在那些政治敏感的社会或者时期,在这样的情况下,译者必须做出决定选择哪些类型的文本以及翻译的策略。
(二)诗学
诗学包括两部分,一方面指文学手段、文学样式、主题、原形人物、情节和象征等一系列文学要素,另一方面指的是观念,即在社会体系中,文学起什么作用,或应起什么作用。不同文化中的诗学会相互冲突,目的语文化中处于主导地位的诗学必然会影响到译者的翻译,所以为了达到某种诗学要求,译者必须做出让步,因为一种文化中人们广泛认可的诗学可能在另一种文化中并不受欢迎,这时候就需要译者采取有效的翻译策略,比如遵循目的语文化中的叙事方式或者改变原作的结构等等。
改写理论有着很强的适用性,它不同于以往文本对照的研究方法,而更关注翻译的“成品”,为研究文学翻译提供了新的视角。
参考文献:
[1]Lefevere, André. Translation, Rewriting, & theManipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2004.
[2] —. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in aComparative Literature Context. New York: TheModern Language Association of America,1992.
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.