我在家里养了一只小狗,它的叫声非常好听。它的叫声是汪汪汪,它的皮毛是黑色的,它的眼睛水灵灵的、鼻子长长的、嘴巴大大的,眉毛像月牙一样弯弯的。我的小狗有优点,也有缺点。优点是:它会抓老鼠、会看门……﹔缺点是爱往奶奶种的菜里跳。一天,我放学回到家,就把书包放到沙发上,去找小狗玩。可是,小狗好像生病了,它一动不动,也不叫了。于是,我就赶忙跑回屋,让爸爸带它去医院看病。不一会儿,爸爸回来了,我看见小狗活蹦乱跳、生龙活虎,和没生病时一样,还不停“汪汪汪”叫。我很高兴又能和它玩了。我喜欢我家的小狗!
名师点评:文章中把小狗写得非常可爱,特别是在描写小狗的外形上,通过对小狗的鼻子、耳朵、眼睛等地方的细节描写,把小狗的神韵描绘得恰到好处。接着从动作描写上,写了小狗喜欢跳入奶奶的菜园子,显得小狗儿非常机灵可爱。之后再讲自己和小狗之间发生的故事,自己会因为小狗生病而感到难过,为小狗重现生机感到高兴,明显表达出了自己对于小狗的深爱之情。希望你能和自家的小狗和谐共处。继续加油!
很快全国网民都在朋友圈微信群里转发这首小诗,乐清虹桥镇第一小学五(5班万奕含同学也因此走红。
小万在3年级时写下这首诗,当时,她说自己就是这么认为的,到4年级科学老师讲了孩子是怎么生出来的之后,她明白了这是怎么一回事。
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
在爆竹声中,我们迎来了全国华人最盛大的节曰——春节,每家每户都欢欢喜喜、喜气洋洋地挂上大红灯笼,贴上红红的春联,忙忙碌碌……
大年三十的晚上,我们全家都吃着可口的美餐,欣赏着烟花爆竹给我们带来的喜悦,最令我开心的是当新年的钟声快要响起的时候不仅有饺子吃,还有红包拿!!
正月初一,又是一个快乐的曰子。以往在这个时候我都在床上睡懒觉,可一想到今天是春节,就争了个第一,顺着那香气扑鼻的爆竹烟味儿往外走去,只见大人们将一串串鞭炮在手中点燃,声音真大,四处飞溅,仿佛要把每一个祝福送到千家万户,一阵阵爆竹声接连不断,噼里啪啦的,热闹非凡。
我站在门口,伸了伸懒腰,问了问母亲:“今天早餐吃什么”?母亲面带笑容地对我说:“吃年糕”!过年吃年糕是中国人的风俗之一,春节的大年初一的早点人们讲究吃年糕,这是取其“年年高”之意。
哦!说到这儿,我还真有点饿了,看者母亲正在下的年糕,心里又是喜又是馋,连忙说到:“好了没有呀”?母亲看着我这股馋劲儿,连忙说到:“快好了,快好了”!
“年糕好喽”!随着一阵阵香气,我坠入了大饱口福的店堂。
吃过早餐,我便邀几个朋友一起去玩,在街上点燃的爆竹在地上开出了美丽的花,漂亮极了,袋里装着爸爸妈妈给的零花钱,甭提多高兴了。今天的小鸟也出来凑热闹,大概它们心里也很高兴吧。
人们一直玩到深夜,嘴里啃着美味水果,手里燃放鞭炮烟花……大人小孩们载歌载舞,忘情地玩个痛快!真心希望今天我们全国的小朋友在新的一年里快快乐乐,没有烦恼,心想事成!!
今天,是中国人最高兴的日子,也就是春节。人们在今天会干许多的事。
早晨,我早早的就起来了,刷好牙,洗好脸。就准备过一年一度的好日子。但我走到厨房的时候,竟然一个人都没有,把我给气死了。但是我在桌子上看见了一张纸条,我一看,原来是我的妈妈去我的舅舅那边玩了,而早餐就放在锅里面,要我醒来之后就去吃。
吃饱了以后,我就去叫我的哥哥起床,过了几分钟后,我觉得很无聊,就去看了一下电视。过了十几分钟我听见那些大人说话的声音,就是到他们都醒了。so我就去外面的厨房了。过后我.哥哥.婶婶还有我的妹妹一起去超市逛逛……
在回来的路上,我们还买了几个汉堡包和几杯可乐。到家时,我和哥哥就在二楼边玩电脑边吃,我们玩的是龙斗士。就这样,我们一直玩,玩到了中午吃饭的时间才把手中的按键放下来。
到了下午,我们两个和另一个女性的朋友一起商量准备在下午两点的时候出去买炮。时间一分一秒的过去了,离出发的时间也越来越近了。两点了,我们看了一下时间就准备出发了。我一共买了九到十个东西,共花了21块,不过说实话,我花的钱是最少的。
终于,等到了晚上,我们一起在我哥的房间里玩,看电视,吃东西。到8,9点的时候,我们去二楼玩游戏。知道11,在后面的一个小时,我们听到了放烟花的声音,就把自己的烟花给拿出来放。烟花的响声越来越大声,也越来越多。随后我们也迫不及待的把自己的大的烟花给拿出来放。
一直到了12过后才"收拾书包睡觉".今天过得真是太开心了,我喜欢春节……
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
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