阅读《当代教育学》一书后,我受到了很大启发,我觉得老师若想把认真准备的课付诸实施,把教学原则成功地运用到课堂教学中去,还必须达到上好课的一些基本要求:目标明确、重点突出,内容正确、方法得当,表达清晰、组织严密、课堂气氛热烈。
一、目标明确,是指上课时老师明白这堂课要掌握些什么知识和技能,要养成些什么行为方式和品格,要有怎样的态度,要学会什么方法,等等,也就是要明确教学目标,在一节课上,师生的活动都应围绕教学目标展开、进行,教师上课为了引起学生的兴趣,有时插科打浑,为了加深学生对问题的理解,有时把内容引申出去,涉及了教学大纲和教科书以外的某些知识,甚至有相当广度,只要是有利于目标的完成,都是可以的。但是,漫无目的地讲故事、炫燿知识、东拉西扯,做那些与实现目标无关的事,应予以否定,对学生也同样,教师要及时发觉并纠正学生努力完成任务。
二、重点突出,是指在一节课上教师要把精力主要放在重点内容的教学上,不要对所有任务和所有内容平均使用时间和精力,对细枝末节的知识可以蜻蜓点水地一带而过,对重点知识、概念和原理要花力气教学,对重点要引导学生弄懂、弄清、熟练掌握。
三、内容正确,是指教师教授的知识必须是科学的、确凿的、符合逻辑的,技能或行为要符合规范,并且应该要求学生作出的反应同样是正确的,如果不正确,教师就要及时予以纠正,学生心目中的教师往往是崇高的、万能的,他们会向教师提出各种各样的问题,教师对待学生的疑问应持谦虚、认真、实事求是的态度,不要轻易作出没有把握的回答。当教师没有把握回答问题时,教师可以说:“这个问题提得很好,是否有哪位同学能回答?”“这个问题提得很好,我打算查些资料弄明白之后再回答你们”“我对这个问题没有研究,是否可以请教老师?”“对这个问题恐怕要看看有关材料,我和你们共同学习”,教师的虚心、严谨的治学态度能感染学生,使他们潜移默化、逐渐形成科学的态度。
四、方法得当,是指教师根据教学任务、内容和学生的特点,选择较佳的方法进行教学,教学有法,但无定法,教师要善于选择方法,创造性加以运用,力求使教学取得较好的效果,方法本身无所谓好坏,但不同的方法有不同的使用范围,教师上课运用的方法要与教学情境相适合。譬如,对尚未定论的争议问题,与芒用讲授法,不如用小组讨论法;为了让学生认识一个他们不熟悉的物件的形状,采用讲述来描述,不如用演示法更加直观,等等。
五、表达清晰,是指教师上课要用普通话,声音要响亮,言语表达的速度要适合学生的可接受程度,言语要流畅、生动、明白易懂,板书要规范、大方、清楚,如果教师的表达富有感情、动人,那么效果就更好,在讲到一些重要的内容时,教师表达的速度要放慢,有些字、句不妨重复陈述一遍,表达的不同知识点之间最好有停顿,留些时间让学生思考、交流。在学生发言时,教师应同样要求学生表达清晰,让全班学生听清楚,表达要避免自顾自地独白,要注意与学生交流,抓住学生的思惟和情感,使教师的思想和情感与学生沟通。
六、组织严密,是指课的进程次序分明、有条不紊,课的节奏紧凑,不同任务变换时速度自然,课堂秩序好。教师要有一定的组织才干,取得学生的积极配合,才能做到组织严密。
七、气氛热烈,是指课应自始至终在教师的指导下充分发挥学生学习的积极性,课堂上学生的积极性是否得到发挥取决于教师的启发和引导,教师在课上要边教边观察学生的反应,根据学生的反应调节自己的教学。一旦发现学生反映漠然、注意力分散,要立刻找原因,发挥教学机智,通过调整内容、方法、管理三个方面去激起学生的积极状态,如果内容太深了,就该尽量的浅显的方式来揭示的本质;如果进程太慢了,就该立刻加快来完成;如果学生太疲劳了,就该改个方法,如改讲授为议论或谈话,甚至讲个与为课题有关的故事。
教学是艺术,是无止境的,教师要把课上得如同艺术创造的精品,实非一朝一夕之功,要有意识地长期追求和探索。
现在老百姓的生活水平提高了,人们都过上了好日子。放假了,一家三口有时还去郊外踏青,多有趣啊!可是有些家长做了一些不良行为。比如说:乱扔垃圾、随地吐痰、踩踏嫩苗等等许多不良行为。但就是这些行为常此下去让我们这么美丽的地球家园变成了垃圾堆。
一次,我听老师讲了这样一个真实的故事:外地的一位老奶奶和她的孙女一起走在大街上。一不小心,孙女手上的雪糕掉了几滴在地上。这位可以称得上是老寿星的奶奶慢慢地蹲下身子,拿了一张卫生纸,用吐沫把这地上的雪糕擦掉,地面像原来一样干净时才起身走了。我觉得这位老奶奶的品质大家应该学习。都已经称得上是老寿星了,还那样去做,何况我们这些小孩呢。
随着人们的生活水平的提高,小偷也越来越多了。一次,妈妈带我去吃饭时,把电动车停在餐厅门口并锁起来。我问妈妈:“妈妈,你为什么要把车子锁起来呀?”“当然为了防小偷嘛!”妈妈说。“这么近,咱们坐在里面,完全能看得见嘛!”。接着,妈妈给我讲了一件事:她的'同事刚买了一辆电动车,回到家要充电,把电瓶提出来放在单元门口了,然后去停车棚放车子,不到2分钟,电瓶就丢了。我心想:现在的人怎么见什么都想偷,也不想想,你把人家的东西偷走了会给大家造成多大的困难呀。
这些事就发生在我们身边,如今怎么变成这样了呢?以前,人们很和善。如果这家的自行车放在了门外,没有锁,大家都不会去碰。如今有一些人看见了直接骑回家去。
叔叔阿姨们,全世界的人们,我向你们呼吁:我们要做一个品质高尚的市民,让这个世界成为一个友爱的人类家园吧!看见哪个人有困难要去帮助她,关心她,这个国家才会越来越强大。
1931年9月21日,矢志抗日的吉鸿昌将军被逼迫下野,到国外“考察实业”。船到美国,吉鸿昌就接二连三地遭到意想不到的刺激,如那里的头等旅馆不接待中国人,而对日本人却奉若神明。有一次,吉鸿昌要往国内邮寄衣物,邮局职员竟说不知道中国。陪同的人对吉鸿昌说:“你说自己是日本人,就可受到礼遇。”吉鸿昌当即怒斥:“你觉得当中国人丢脸,我觉得当中国人光荣!”为抗议帝国主义者对中国人的歧视,维护民族尊严,他找来一块木牌,用英文在上面写上:“我是中国人!”
1932年,吉鸿昌回国,率领抗日同盟军,转战长城内外,给日军以沉重的打击。后不幸被敌人诱捕,就义前他写下了正气凛然的就义诗:“恨不抗日死,留做今日羞。国破尚如此,我何惜此头。”
分析:“我是中国人”,一声惊天霹雳,一身铮铮铁骨,吓退了多少人,惊醒了多少人。不以国弱而耻辱,不因国破而逃亡,这既维护了祖国的尊严,又维护了个人的尊严。
话题:“做一个中国人”“中国,我爱你”“骨气”
近日,我看了由教育科学出版社出版,袁振国主编的《当代教育学》一书,里面的某些章节对我颇受启发,特别是上篇第11章中“教师管理”这一部分的论述:“合理安排使用教师的工作,是教师管理的一项重要内容。要合理安排使用,首先必须做到知人善任,就是学校领导者要能够识别人才并善于使用人才。了解教师的思想业务水平和专长,了解教师性格爱好和健康状况,从而量才使用,用其所长,人尽其才。要充分发挥教师聪明才智,看到每位教师的潜力所在,并积极设法为其创造发展潜力的条件,把老年教师看作是学校的宝贵财富,把中年教师看作是学校承前启后的纽带,把青年教师看作是学校的未来和希望。”
这里充分反映出教师在学校管理中起重要作用,教师是学校管理的主要依靠力量。特别是青年教师,虽然缺少经验,但他们是学校的“未来和希望”。这使我联想到我校的实际情况,我校是一所以青年教师为主的学校,青年教师的发展情况成为影响我校各项工作发展的重要因素。所以,加强青年教师的管理是我校管理中的一项重中之重的工作。如何使青年教师真正成为学校的未来和希望呢?这就需要对他们进行科学的管理和培养,充分发挥他们的才干。下面谈谈对青年教师管理的几点做法。
1.建立健全的青年教师管理制度,有专人负责。学校要制定青年教师成长和发展的培养计划,教师个人也要制定出个人的发展计划。按计划实施,定期检讨计划是否可行,及时修改。
2.加强对青年教师进行政治思想教育工作。在教师队伍建设中,应把教师的思想政治工作放在重要的位置上来抓,特别是青年教师。
(1)抓好青年教师的职业观念,解决事业心问题。教师的职业观念是做好教育工作的前提,一个不热爱自己工作的人是不可能做好工作的,学校要积极引导教师们要主动工作、用心工作。
(2)抓好教师的职业道德和职业行为。教师的职业道德和行为是做好教育工作的基础和保证。一个人道德低下,不可能为人师表,也难以从教。青年教师往往好胜,对学生的教育缺乏耐心,可能会出现打骂等体罚学生的现象。所以必须抓好青年教师的职业道德建设,青年教师不能凭想当然去工作,也不能满足于一知半解、凭经验去工作,必须让他们规范自己的教育行为。
3.业务上传、帮、带,促进其能力的发展。“以老带新,师徒共进”是提高青年教师业务能力的一个有效方法。在包思想、包业务、包质量的基础上,让新老教师结对成为帮教对子,制定出提高目标,认真扎实地开展传、帮、带活动。组织教师开展研究性的备课、上课、听课、评课等活动,以促进教师教学研究活动的开展和青年教师业务素质及课堂教学质量的提高。
4.要为青年教师创造能施展才华的机会和空间,要信任和大胆使用他们。如让他们上公开课、单独组织安排活动、让他们挑重担,给他们表现自己、锻练自己的机会。并允许他们有缺点,让他们在工作实践中进步。
青年教师具有较高的素质和无比的潜力,只要通过科学的管理和培养,一定能培养出师德高尚、素质高、有创造精神的优秀的青年教师,从而进一步推动我校教育教学工作的发展。
林语堂曾在东吴大学法学院兼英文课,一次,开学第一天,上课钟打了好一会儿他还没有来,学生引颈翘首。林先生终于来了,而且夹了一个皮包。皮包装得鼓鼓的,快把皮包撑破了。学生们满以为林先生带了一包有关讲课的资料,兴许他是为找资料而迟到了。谁知道,他登上讲台后,不慌不忙地打开皮包,只见里面竟是满满一包带壳的花生。
他将花生分送给学生享用,但学生们并不敢真的吃,只是望着他,不知他葫芦里到底卖的是什么药。林先生开始讲课,大讲其吃花生之道。他说:“吃花生必吃带壳的,一切味道与风趣,全在剥壳。剥壳愈有劲,花生米愈有味道。”说到这里,他将话锋一转,说道:“花生米又叫长生果。诸君第一天上课,请吃我的长生果。祝诸君长生不老!以后我上课不点名,愿诸君吃了长生果,更要长性子,不要逃学,则幸甚幸甚,三生有幸。”
分析:林语堂,一位大师级语言大师。性格幽默、风趣,听其谈话,如沐春风,获益多多。
话题:“春风化雨”“为师之道”
Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled “The Adaptation of the Classical Literature”. In the essay, you should (1 describe the picture (2 interpret its meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points?
The picture gives us a view of a popular phenomenon: the adaptation of the classics. Some classical literary works, such as our four great classics i.e. A Dream of Red Mansions, Journey to the West, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Heroes of the Marshes, are all adapted to cater to some readers’ tastes. The traditional characters become so strange and the plots are totally different. It is so ridiculous that the precious literary treasures are allowed to be ruined so much.
As we all know, the classical literature is the representation of the outstanding art of our nation. Some familiar characters such as Monkey King express the good wishes of our common people. From them, we learn many good virtues such as honesty, bravery, justice etc. However, in those adapted works named “Bantering***”or “Reboiling***”, all plots are changed and all characters become somewhat watered clown. Some readers interested in reading burlesque works have high praise for them. But they never think of the negative effects of such adaptations on the average reader, especially to children. Children are the future of the nation. They always believe that what is in the books is the truth. Those adapted works will affect their outlook on life.
Therefore, some measures should be taken to restrict these adaptations. The real classics should be presented on the bookshelves to lead people to appreciate the real art.
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On Education of China” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures (2 interpret their meaning (3 give your opinion about the phenomenon .You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]
The two pictures look so similar at one glance, but they are totally different. In the first picture, a peasant boy, carrying a heavy bundle of rice straw is out of breath under the great pressure. His hope is to have a school to attend. In the second picture, a student is on his way home from school, a heavy bag of books on his back. What he wishes is that he didn’t have to go to school any more. How can the two boys at the same age have such different ideas about attending school?
The two pictures show some problems in the present education system in China. In the poor countryside, especially in some western parts of China, the education is also poor. There are no buildings for classrooms, let alone good teachers. Children there cannot have regular education. They are sometimes forced to leave their studies because their families cannot afford the necessary fees. However, the situation is totally different in the cities. Almost all the children in the cities can have regular education. They can enjoy the bright classrooms and adequate facilities. But they have their own problems. What they face is the endless homework, which puts so much pressure on them that some students don’t want to continue their studies.
Given the problems above, our government has taken some measures. “The Hope Project” has been in operation to ensure that children in the poor areas can achieve education. Some strategies have also been put into force to reduce the pressure on the students. Teachers are asked not to give too much homework. Emphasis should be put on the improvement of the quality of the students. However, there is a long way to go in the improvement of our education conditions. The whole society should be mobilized to make some contributions to our education.
Study the two pictures above carefully and write an essay entitled “On the Relationship between Environment and Economy” In the essay, you should (1 describe the pictures and interpret their meaning (2 give your opinion with some proof (3 give your conclusion.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points
[参考范文]On the Relationship between Environment and Economy
The two pictures above are both about the relationship between the environment and the economic development. In the first picture, GDP is on the rise while the environment is drastically polluted. In the second picture, economic efficiency progresses with environmental protection. It’s easy to get the conclusion that development according to the second picture is more reasonable than that in the first one.
In the early development of socialism, our country didn’t pay much attention to the issue of environmental protection and savored the bitterness. Now, the government has taken many measures and is implementing the strategy of “sustainable development”. One aspect of the strategy is to develop the economy and take measures to protect the environment at the same time. In this way, we can develop our country in a sustainable manner and our offspring can have enough resources to develop society. If we don’t put much emphasis on the environment issue and excavate the natural resources blindly, our country will become a barren land sooner or later.
In a word, sustainable development is a reasonable strategy which should be implemented for a long time. The nature is providing us with plentiful resources generously, but it may punish us severely if we don’t care her.
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