1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
金秋十月,我和父母前往神秘的雪域高原,这次旅行在我出生前就已经列入计划了,这很可能这是我人生中唯一去西藏的机会!我们从郑州坐火车,踏上了通往雪域高原“神奇的天路”。我们经过陕西、宁夏、青海,沿途欣赏到了壮美的黄土高原、水草丰美的牧场、一望无垠的可可西里,三江源头沱沱河、念青唐古拉山、美丽的湖泊那木措,最后到达了梦境般的拉萨。
西藏是个神秘的地方,有着灿烂的阳光,洁白的云朵,纯净的天空,稀薄的空气,连绵的\'雪山,安静的湖泊。在这佛教圣地,有繁多的寺庙,虔诚的教徒,这里民风纯朴,全民信佛。这里有壮观的布达拉宫和神圣的扎什伦布寺,安放着历代__和班禅的纯金灵塔,寺内有着许多奇珍异宝和已经在民间失传的工艺。
西藏物产丰富,主要有:绿松石,天珠,红珊瑚……还盛产藏药,有:藏红花,虫草,蛇莲,红景天……这里还有许多的民间工艺,简直是巧夺天工,唐卡,藏刀,藏香,各种首饰等等都非常的有特色。
我们还看到了许多西藏的奇异风景,终年积雪不化的卡若拉冰川,千年的冻土;星罗棋布的湖泊,人迹罕至的湿地,是藏羚羊,野驴等野生动物的栖息地;一望无际的藏北大草原,放牧着成群的牦牛;水流湍急的雅鲁藏布江,一路向东。最难得的是去日喀则的路上,看见藏民正在田里收割青稞,恰好雨过天晴,天空中出现一道美丽的彩虹,这种丰收景象给我留下了深刻的印象。
藏族同胞非常好客,在火车上我就看见有俩个藏族小朋友在车窗外向我们招手鞠躬,面对着车窗我分外感动,后来发现所有的藏民见到火车都要敬礼。到了藏区后,藏族同胞都会向我们敬献洁白的哈达,说:“扎西德勒!”,有俩个藏族的小朋友遇见了我,用汉语说:“哥哥你好”,虽然讲的不是很流利,但是这一幕深深地打动我,我也拿出中秋月饼和他们分享。
这次旅行令我终生难忘!西藏之行,我不但了解了许多地理和佛教知识,而且领略了祖国的大好河山,真切感受到全国各民族团结的大家庭是多么和谐!
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
您好!
您知道吗?每当我走过语音室时,总会透过明净的玻璃窗去看看里面的设备,语音室里的一切对于我来说都是那么新奇,那么吸引人。跟着您,在高科技设备装配的语音室里学英语,是我当时最大的愿望。可是,自语音室建好以来,您从未带同学们进去参观过,更没带同学们进去上过一节课,这使得我的愿望变得那样渺茫。
王老师,记得您每次在我们教室里上课时,起码有三分之一的同学在小声说笑,因此,教室里总是乱哄哄的`,可您却很少制止。王老师,维持课堂秩序是您的职责呀,您为什么不去制止他们?还有,您每次提问学生时,一旦同学回答不上来,您总会露出一副不耐烦的神情,为此,许多同学感到很伤心,好多同学也不喜欢上您的课。
王老师,学校培育了我五年,我希望学校越办越好,希望老师能教得开心,我们也能学得开心。因此,我诚心诚意地给您提几条建议,希望您能采纳。
一、每周带同学们到语音室上一次英语课。
二、您不要不管那些上课小声说笑的同学。作为一名教师,您有责任对他们进行批评和教育。
三、今后,请您对那些回答不上问题的同学多一些宽容和理解,并耐心地讲解,这些同学会非常感激您的,他们也会越来越喜欢您的。
王老师,如果您能采纳我的建议,我将十分开心。我坚信您一定会成为我们心中的好老师!
祝您工作顺利!
您的学生:张辉君
3月26日
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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