筷子是什么时候什么人发明的已不可考证了。只知远古时,华夏先民先是用手来抓东西吃,如现今动物的吃法有些相似。当祖先从吃生食变熟食后,用手抓取食物已觉不方便,于是就地取材拾小木条作为进食辅助工具,使用后发现用两根要比一根来得方便,于是筷子就这样产生了。
秦汉时筷子称“箸”,至今我国闽南话中仍沿用此称。隋唐时又称之为“筋”。后来,据说吴越先民为避忌“箸”与“住”同音,怕行船搁浅,便改“箸”为“快儿”,希望船行得快,一帆风顺,以图个吉利。汉代筷子又称为“挟提”,意为挟住再提起之意,这就十分形象地道出了筷子的实用功能。后来,由于筷子制作的材料多是竹子,因此在“快”字头上加上“竹”字。这就成了今天的“筷”字了。
当我们的祖先结束了茹毛饮血的生活,使用起筷子后,筷子就与文明一同诞生了。从一位筷子收藏家的资料中得知,迄今为止筷子已有 6000 多种:从原始社会的树枝、竹子、动物骨筷开始;夏商有经琢磨的牙筷、玉筷;春秋战国出现古朴的铜筷、铁筷;六朝以后,金、银材质做的筷子又应运而生。这当中最名贵的要数象牙筷、犀牛骨筷、乌木镇金筷和各种玉筷了。当然,民间最通用的还是竹筷和木筷,现在又出现了一次性筷子,使用更便捷了。
筷子一千多年前相继传到了日本及东南亚,所以,亚洲人的饮食文化同西方人大相径庭。
可别小看这不起眼的小棒,它制作简单,灵活机巧,长久使用有健体健脑之功效,真可以说是我们祖先对世界饮食文化一个了不起而又值得推崇的创造发明。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
你爱茶,走到哪儿,都喜欢拎着茶杯,当你掀开茶盖时那淡淡的茶香氤氲在空气中,让人心旷神怡。无意间发现你也如茶叶般枯瘦。不见了你矫健的身姿,不见了你健硕的皮肤,只是那弯曲的背,深深的皱纹,但你那犀利的眼神仍是那样的令人颤栗。
你我走过的日子是短短的童年是次次的误读与简单的包裹,是你无声的爱与我的无知彼此充实。爷爷,到了此刻我才懂得了你,原来你是爱我的。
你冷峻古板,我却爱笑,你沉默寡言,而无知的我却把你无声的爱误读了,我对你心怀不满,你对我却满怀期待。
小时候,我参加了“书法社”,可是在社里我总觉得自己的字与我的同学相差甚远,这时你鼓励我说:“好好努力,正如茶那样即使原来多么平凡,但经过了***青、晒干、炒制……那原本翠绿的它变得柴瘦、干枯,但它冲泡时的`清香令人心醉,这时它拥有了美丽的内涵,只要努力就会拥有美丽内涵。”我应了一下,然后就离开了。过了一个月,我参加了书法比赛得了三等奖,虽然有些遗憾,但得到了老师的肯定,我原本以为当你看到这一切时会很高兴,但你只是看了看,扬起嘴微微一笑。我拿着奖状,心里有许多不甘,心情也直落谷底。
有时,看到爷爷那对我漠不关心的神情,总觉得自己是那么多余……
有一次,爷爷奶奶到我家过年。当我看到爷爷时,他对我扬起了笑脸,我的心被蛰了一下,总觉得这是他第一次对我笑。我有个坏习惯,睡觉总喜欢踢被子,这不这几天鼻涕横流,呵欠连连……可是这几天当我起床时被子总盖得好好的,我以为是妈妈,顿时心里洋溢着浓浓的暖意。深夜了,因为感冒难受,我久久难以入睡,这时门缝忽然射进一道光,我赶紧闭上眼睛,他帮我盖好了被子,用手背抚摸我的额头,接着叹了口气便离开了,我缓缓睁开眼睛,那弯弯的背影渐渐消失在黑暗之中……这手的温度,手的粗糙难道是爷爷……
你我走过的日子是种种误会缠绵的鸿沟,任性的我不知道该如何化解,只是让彼此的误会愈演愈深。在一次与奶奶的谈话中,她说:“你爷爷啊,真是个傻瓜,上一次你得奖时他不知道有多高兴,整天逢人就说我孙子啊字写得好……可是他硬要装着不屑。”我此刻才明白原来爷爷的不屑是对我的鼓励,是要让我不要沉迷在一时的成功中。原来你我一起走过的日子里不是一次次彼此的误解,也有爱,也有幸福。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
又是秋天,落叶纷飞,每一片叶子都带着一种隔世的静美。
苍白的画纸平铺在书桌上,我手执一支狼毫小笔,欲画一幅关于秋日落叶的绘画。
阳光从窗外流泻进来,于窗棂跳跃成一曲曼妙的舞,任流动的音符点亮略显阴沉的房间。我在看,看阳光一寸寸地涨,涨到洁白的宣纸上。
偶然,一滴墨水从笔上滴下,在光洁的画纸上留下痛苦的印迹,开成一朵承担生命重量的水墨莲花,那时,我分明听见宣纸上浅浅的叹息,温婉柔和如昔。
我没有下笔。
将毛笔随手在砚台上,我转身,面向窗户,去细看那一树黄叶。“作画态度须严,必格物而后作画”,祖父的教导猛然跃上心头,是啊,我从未细看过落叶,又怎画好一张关于落叶的画呢?
一树黄叶,在秋风中飞舞,扬扬撒撒,热烈而略带落寞,一如秋风中哀伤的浅唱。
一阵风吹过,几片黄叶奋力腾起,用尽力量,做它最初也是最后的舞蹈,从容,安详,化作细细金凤之中最后一笔诗意,似破茧而出的蝶,做如若梦幻般的飞翔。
真是一幅极美的画。秋风的随意一笔,竟成就了如斯的佳作。风的一场游戏,却胜过多少大家呕心沥血而成的仿自然之作。
叶飞,叶落,这本就是最美丽的。扬起的瞬间,落叶有着向死而生,向生而死的光辉,圣洁庄严;飞舞的时刻,叶若天使般飞过,飞越了永恒,找一条通往未来的路,让人信仰着“纵一刻,也千秋”的感叹;落地的刹那,一切又重新归于平静,然而片刻的飞舞,足以使记忆中的美丽永远鲜活,化为嶙峋的微光,照亮落叶的余生。
何必作画!
我曾看过落叶在秋风里做最诗意的舞蹈,那曾给过我一瞬的美丽,这,便足够了,又何苦用我拙劣的笔法去破坏那树黄叶飞舞的美丽呢?艺术,是为了留住美,不是为了破坏那些美丽的形象。
想起林清玄,想起他访问过的三个画家。以艺术为生命意义者太严肃,以艺术为游戏者太轻浮,以艺术为偶然者太讲究巧合缘分之说,但我喜欢第三说。
我看过美,我记住美,又何必追究是否能以美入画呢?
画,是我的爱好;不画,是我的选择,不必冠上“美与艺术”的大帽子。
不必强求作画,画出,的确只是一种机缘,生命中,有更重要的事,那便是:且观窗外秋叶飞。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
灯,可以在黑暗绝望中让我们重新开朗,但是,灯,却要有人来点燃中间的那支蜡烛,要有人使我们看见光明,再次充满希望,而这个人,不是老师,不是父母,而是他们——我们的爷爷奶奶。
“养育之恩,真金难酬。极尽孝心,难于相报。”爷爷奶奶养育父母已经不容易,现在又来养育我们,呵护我们,我们如同一朵朵娇嫩的花,在太阳的呵护下茁壮成长,一想到这,使我想到了一件非常普通的事情。
那天,故乡虽然是夏天,但夜晚的风却特别凉。我漫步到溪水旁,躺在柔软的草地上,仰望着繁星,耳边流动着的是潺潺的溪水声,真是乐得清闲。突然,刮起一阵大风,大树拼命摇动着自己的枝干,不一会儿,暗黑的天空竟然飘下了几滴雨丝,骤然变大的风声向我诉说着大雨要来的前奏,我刚反应过来,刚才还干***地转瞬间潮湿,地面上被雨砸的腾起一股白边,我快步奔走,好不容易跑到杂货店下,雨,更大了。
拼命向远处看,灯,熄灭了,雨却越下越大。30分钟,1个小时,灯的熄灭犹如我的希望一样,跟着破碎。就在我绝望之时,一个苍老的身影正朝我拼命奔跑,定睛一看,是奶奶来接我了。奶奶打着她那把陈旧的伞,奔到我面前,什么话都不说,立即拿起一条温暖的毛巾把我湿漉漉的头发擦干净,又把一个崭新的'雨伞递给我,让我跟她快点回家。看看自己崭新清雅的伞上绣着我最爱的薰衣草,再望望奶奶手中那把破旧的伞,鼻头一酸,雾气在我眼中升起,在那一刻,我改变了自己调皮的本性,使自己变得懂事乖巧,只为了不让爷爷奶奶再次为我而担心。
回到家,奶奶的唠叨使我心中变得更加温暖,爷爷赶紧给我热饭菜,一个多小的举动,一个多么微不足道的动作,却让人心酸。
当时在路边,我心里已经绝望了,看着逐渐远去的光明,心中满是悲哀,奶奶的出现犹如一盏明灯,在我绝望的心里点亮一片天地,爷爷奶奶对我来说就是一盏灯,为我驱赶走黑暗,留下了一片光明。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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