①西湖处士:指北宋诗人林逋(bǖ)。林逋,字君复,钱塘(今浙江杭州)人。终身不仕,亦终生未婚。隐居于杭州西湖孤山,二十年足迹不涉城市。因喜植梅养鹤,故有“梅妻鹤子”之称。古人称像林逋这样的有德才而隐居的不仕者为处士。②元:同“原”。
一个好的主题句是文章成功的一半。不仅文章有主题,段落有纲,句也必有中心。文章失却主题,就会不知所云;落无纲,则一盘散沙,句缺中心,就无意义。所以,在立足于篇章时,一定要首先明确文的主题;在发展段落时,也要首先写好主题句。从PETS三的特点来考虑,主题句最好是置于文首或段首,这样让人一目了然! 以下就是两个实用的开门见山式发展主题句的方法。
●To begin with, we must attach the greatest importance possible to this issue/fact (key word.
●As is well known to all, it is now high time that we took this (topic word into serious consideration.
此诗首句用“东风吹落战尘沙”隐喻宋室灭亡;次句以“梦想西湖处士家”,借林逋的故事暗写故国之思;第三句一个“恐”字,表达作者内心的担忧,而“江南春意减”则暗叹江南备受摧残;第四句点明作诗的深意与梅无关。全诗以观梅而有感,而引发联想,但全文的主旨都与眼前盛开的梅花无关,这样言此物写彼物的手法,让情感更加深厚而沉重,曲折中见深意。
东风骀荡,摇枝拂叶,吹去了蒙在梅花上面的尘沙,花蕊花瓣,一概显露出清新的面庞。如此雅洁怡人的氛围,本该令游人陶醉,而诗人却偏要将这沙尘,想像为战火中的.尘埃,因为,他从眼前的梅花联想到另外一个梅花的世界。那里刚刚经受了战火的摧残,那里曾经是西湖处士的隐居之地,那里曾是他的希望,那里是他醒里梦里都不曾忘却过的宋国京城。此诗作者虽然从未做过宋朝的臣民,但是,出于对异族统治者的不满,汉族人的宋都对于他始终是富于诱惑力的,这里的一个“梦”字,足以表白他那种朝思暮想的痴情。
想起江南之后,诗人的感情立刻变得细腻,语气也委婉起来。他担心江南的梅花大概不会如此鲜艳,江南的春景必然失去了昔日的光彩。对于蒙元初入中原的残酷洗劫,诗人耳闻目睹,记忆犹新,他担心那“大乱凡数十余年,数千里间,人民***戮几尽”(《武强尉孙君墓铭》)的惨状是否会在江南重现,所以,他在末句中直率地说出,他的《观梅有感》其实并非为梅花着想。他也许曾经憧憬过林逋所处的时代及其环境,同样身为隐士,一个伴梅饲鹤,受到皇帝的褒奖;一个却生活在异族统治者的铁蹄之下,而如今,那样一块圣地也许永久地消失了,他不能不为自己,也为所有的汉人痛心疾首。
此诗短小精悍,音节铿锵,读来朗朗上口。全篇未用任何典故,照样发人深省,意味深长。它之所以具有如此深沉的意蕴,完全得益于象征的手法。不过,象征毕竟太含蓄,太沉闷,难以容纳诗人全部的思想和愤恨,因此诗的结尾处又否定了象征手法。“此心元不为梅花”一句,实打实地透露出作者的真实感慨,犹如阴云郁积很久之后的一声闷雷,虽然沉闷了些,总算给人以希望,为全诗抹上了一道亮光。
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的`变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think …
I hope…
He does it.
He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time. (原因
比较:He is very much determined. He will carry it out this time.
2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.
比较:The weather is fine. A large number of people went sightseeing.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
比较:Africa is the second largest continent. Its size is about three times that of China.
3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question. (莎士比亚
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申
To do it well, you must plan it well.
比较:You want to do it well. And you must plan it well.
4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.
比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.
No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.
比较:He arrived home. And it began to rain.
5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.
比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.
That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.
当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.
●Actions speak louder than words.
●Practice makes perfect.
观梅有感
朝代:元代
作者:刘因
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