微光如炬作文框架【一】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
微光如炬作文框架【二】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
微光如炬作文框架【三】
微光如炬作文框架【四】
②在现代战争的新闻报道中，人们常常可以看到一幅幅黄绿色的反映夜间战场状况的影像，这些精彩的报道就得益于微光技术。事实上，不仅在新闻领域，而且在军事、海洋勘探、水下救援、天文观察、公安监控、野生动物研究等等领域，微光技术也大显身手。机场、车站的行李检查设备，银行、医院和家庭等地方所有的昼夜保安、监视或监护系统中，也常常使用微光专业产品；大家所熟悉的电视类型的医用x射线透视检查系统，也应用了微光技术。
③在夜暗环境中存在着少量的.自然光，如月光、星光、大气辉光等，统统称为夜天光。因为它们和大阳光比起来十分微弱，所以又叫做夜微光。人眼视网膜的感光灵敏度不高，在微光条件下不能充分“曝光”。这是造成人们在夜暗环境中不能正确观察的一个原因。那么微光夜视技术是如何达到“化夜为昼”的呢？
④夜视技术是应用光电探测和成像器材，将肉眼不可视目标转换（或增强）成可视影像的信息采集、处理和显示技术。微光夜视器材依靠夜天的微光照明，首先把来自目标的人眼看不见的光信号转换成为电信号，然后再把电信号放大，并把电信号转换成人眼可见的光信号，这就是一切夜视器材实现夜间观察的共同途径。
⑤在微光夜视器材中，图像增强器是核心器件，利用图像增强器将夜空中微弱的自然光，如月光、星光、大气辉光增强几百倍甚至数万倍，达到使人眼能够进行远距离观察的程度。黄绿光是人眼最敏感的波长。因此，这种颜色的荧光屏常常被应用到增像器上，这也是新闻报道中黄绿色图像的来由。
⑥微光技术大大拓展了我们人类的视觉领域。它能弥补人眼在空间、时间、能量和光谱方面分辨能力的不足，而且能以人眼的自然观察习惯来显示图像，适合部队夜间行动和作战。所以它一出现便引起各国军界的关注,成为夜视技术领域发展的重点。
⑦引领人们冲破黑暗的微光技术，在被预言为“光电世纪”的21世纪里，还将为人类作出更大的贡献。
13．修改选文第⑤段中划线的句子，把修改后的句子写在下面。
14．选文的说明对象是什么？选文的说明顺序是什么？
15．选文第②段运用了哪种说明方法？第④段划线句子运用了哪种说明方法？
16．微光夜视器材的工作原理是什么？
17．微光技术出现的重大意义是什么？（用原文中的一句话回答）
18．请用简洁的语言概括选文的主要内容。
