导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
我的家乡,山东省菏泽市作为牡丹发源地之一,早已成为当今著名的旅游胜地。能够尽享的游览与徜徉于牡丹园里是我一直以来的向往。可是,事非人愿,正像儿时学的一首《我想去桂林》歌曲中的“有时间的时候没有钱,有钱的时候没有时间”所体现的那样,直到毕业后才真正的了解这句话的内涵。
儿时的我不知曾多少次脚蹬二八大杠自行车,只因拿不出门票钱,只能透过大门望眼欲穿,当时我就对自己说等我有钱了我一定会到此一游领略园内风光;后来我长大了,来到了美丽的海滨日照在此参加工作。可是,伴随着每天繁忙的工作,有时候甚至连日历也顾不得翻阅,仅有的假期也是甚少甚短。工作期间也曾多少次坐大巴往返菏泽至日照途经牡丹园,但也只能飞速驶去,好似过眼云烟,说看到的牡丹园匆匆几眼。之后,娶妻生子时间就更少了,只能将他埋藏在心底。
俗话说:“无巧不成书”,一次偶然的机会,大巴路过牡丹园时出现了一些故障,需要很长时间,这才让我停下脚步有机会来到了使我魂牵梦绕的牡丹园。此时,已经无数个牡丹图样、画面及园内景观展现在脑海里。站立远方就能看到巍峨壮观的牡丹园大门拔地而起。走近“牡丹园”放眼望去,只见五个苍劲有力金灿灿的“曹州牡丹园”大字悬挂在大门上方,据导游讲:“此名是中国著名书法家、政治家,曾担任中国书法协会第一任主席,后被伟大领袖***称赞为“党内一枝笔,红军书法家”之称的舒同先生所题”。大门的建筑是仿明样式筑成的,飞檐角翘,雕花彩绘,金碧辉煌,既敞朗宏伟,又古朴典雅。大门两旁还伫立着两座雕琢精细、雄伟壮观的'石狮子。
当我走到大门时,犹豫了一下,心想马上就要身临牡丹园之境,要用相机拍摄出那最美丽的瞬间,怀揣着一个美好的愿望踏入了园内的第一寸土地。跟着导游的步伐首先来到了北观赏区,驻足脚步一片片牡丹展现在眼前,一眼望不到边,牡丹的美,远超于从未到过“牡丹园”人的想象。一股幽香顺风扑鼻而来,络绎不绝的游客们尽情的呼吸着牡丹花所散发出沁入心脾香;观赏着争奇斗艳、奇异色彩、艳丽姿容的牡丹,处在这样的环境真是一种惬意的享受啊。这时,导游对巍峨壮观的楼阁,牡丹中心的休息亭等逐一介绍,此刻,思绪飞扬的我已经将这些连成一体构成一幅幅绝妙无与伦比的牡丹图,一步一景,一景一感受,真是人间仙境。我慢慢的观察,思绪肆意的活跃着,突然想起宋朝著名的画家冯止水用尽一生画出了《牡丹亭少女》;这位被堪称世界第一牡丹画家的张志文,所做牡丹名画颇多,每一幅画都将牡丹描绘的栩栩如生。站在花海中观望着花色艳丽,冠绝群华之姿的牡丹,别用一番滋味在心头。
穿过艳丽容姿的牡丹,向西走去,不觉间就来到了观花楼,站在观花楼顶,居高临下,俯瞰望去,此处的全景尽收眼底,一览无余。展现出广阔的牡丹、身姿优美的雕像以及身着色彩斑斓服装的游客们,如仙境般场景。伫立在牡丹中心的雕像便是葛斤和玉版两座仙子塑像,细看,七彩披帛搭在肩上,旋绕于手臂间,贯穿着身后及两侧,身姿优美,容光焕发,炯炯有神,可谓是雕刻的活灵活现。此刻,只听旁边几位游客拿着佳能、索尼、三星等不同的相机不停地“咔嚓、咔嚓”,扳动着相机快门,美丽的景色中又增添了不少情趣和韵味,我也用自己的相机记录个个角落。
紧接着我们来到了一条花溪旁,我们按照导游的安排几人一组,乘坐着木船缓缓向前驶去。或许是哪家调皮孩子将色彩缤纷的牡丹花朵纠了下来散落着水里,微风拂过,花朵婆娑,水面涟漪,构成一幅幅水上牡丹,可谓是水上之绝笔。和我乘一起的游客们有的双手驾着双桨体验划船的感觉、有的拿起相机记录着每步脚步、有的将手伸进凉丝丝的水中嬉笑言谈韵味十足。
此时,意犹未尽沉醉在这美丽风景中的我们被司机的声喊中唤醒了。是啊,再美的景观也只能停留于此了,无奈至极,带着遗憾的心情坐上驶往日照的大巴车上。只能将这一憧憧美憬记在相机里,记在心底里,依依不舍的我眼看着大巴车驶离了牡丹园,在车辆行驶的路上,我对相机里记录的场景,细细的翻阅着、观赏着、陶醉着、也思考着。
哦,故乡菏泽的牡丹,您是壮美秀丽的体现!
哦,心中牵挂的牡丹,您永远晃动在世人的眼前!
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
5年级时,托管里一个比我小的同学发现书上有些骂人的话,不知道是谁写的,可是总的要随便找一个说,于是,她看我平常不太跟她说话,也不怕得罪,就随便说:好像是我写的,于是,她就给他家长说是我写的,她家长就告老师,老师又告诉我家长,老师和家长都一口咬定是我写的,老师还说:看那些字就是我的`笔迹。可是我连那些字在什么书上都不知道,后才我问她才知道是在课堂本上写的,课堂本:不让带回家,只让放在学校,我怎么写?于是她说是我去她班偷偷写的,这明显是在给她自己撒谎找理由,我那时都不知道她是在哪个班的!
6年级时,班里一个要好朋友过生日,于是我就去礼品店买了一个精致的水晶球送给朋友,送后不久,老师知道了,找了一天语文课在全班说同学以前送自己的一个水晶球很久没动过,后来发现失踪了,失踪的水晶球和我送给朋友的水晶球一模一样,问我是不是拿了,我心想:我真是倒霉透了,送朋友个水晶球居然买成和老师失踪的水晶球一模一样的,太蹊跷了,我在怎么解释老师也不信,因为这实在是巧合了,我再怎么解释也是徒劳,我说礼品店老板能作证我是在礼品店里正正规规买的,因为礼品店相对离学校比较远,同学也因为太远懒得和我去那么远找人作证,老师也没有那个闲工夫,这件事我又被冤枉了!
初二时,我们新添了物理课,物理老师很敬业,班里有个同学腿摔坏了几天没来学校,老师居然中午主动牺牲自己休息时间给那位同学补课,不过正是因为这位老师敬业,所以拖堂是自然免不了了,有一回老师下课了还在继续讲,我背后一个调皮的同学喊了一声:老师,下课了,你咋还不下课老师就突然炸扭过头对着我说:谁说下课了,下课了你坐不住你自己出去,别影响我们上课。我这又是被冤枉了!
还有一会英语课,我同桌不停跟我说话,因为我们英语老师特别严,不抓住说话了可就惨了,我就一直没敢回话,知道我实在憋不住了,用了稍大点儿的声音会了我同桌一句:你够了没?结果老师听见了,居然没管我同桌,对我说:这位同学,谁让你上课大声嚷嚷的,罚你抄10遍3a,放学之前抄完,抄不完别回家我刚想要解释说是我同桌西先说话影响我的,老师迅速打住说:不需解释,解释再罚10遍
我的人生,就是这么委屈不过,我依然很乐观!
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