Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Dear Mary,
You said in your letter that many of your classmates wore fashionableclothes, but you couldn\'t afford them so you felt very depressed. There are dif-ferent views on people\'s clothes. The followings are my ideas:
Firstly, you shouldn\'t put too much emphasis on physical appearance.
Remember that the most important task for you today is to concentrate on yourstudies. No matter what you wear, you will really look your best when youcome out first in your examinations.
Secondly, you should understand that it is a fine virtue to live in fru-gality. Just as a famous saying goes, Frugality is the mother of virtue.
Since your family can\'t provide you with enough money to buy fashionableclothes, it is all the more necessary for you to try to lighten the financialburden of your family. And you will find the virtue of frugality benefit youa lot in your future life.
I hope you understand what I mean. Hope you will take a positive attitudetowards life and will be happy again when you read my letter.
Yours,
Anne
Dear all,
I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to my parents for teaching me to be positive and to be strong. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” is the opinion held by Aristotle. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct even today, including my parenting.
It is widely acknowledged that parenting, which can also be explained as family education, is of great significance in our character forming and manner acquiring. To be more detailed, setting good examples instead of just giving precepts is the greatest achievement of my parents. They not only taught me to think for the best and prepare for the worst; they taught me how. They not only told me the benefits of being strong in mind; they proved it. All those things require huge amount of time and work, but it’s worth it.
Without my parents’ contribution and education, I would never be who I am now. But most importantly, I would never be more gratitude to them than today.
Yours,
XXX
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
一、说明文基本知识
1、概念:说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式,用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功用、制作方法、发展过程以及内在事理的一种实用文体。或说明事物的特征,或阐明事理,目的是给人以知识。
2、与其它文体的区别:议论文以理服人,哲理性是它的主要特点;记叙文以情感人,形象性是它的主要特点;说明文以知授人,知识性是它的主要特点。 3、说明文的分类
a.说明对象与说明目的的不同: 事物说明文和事理说明文。事物说明文旨在介绍某一事物的形体特征;事理说明文旨在解释事物本身的道理或内部规律地。
b.根据说明语言的不同特色的不同:平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的`说明文又叫文艺性说明文(科学小品或知识小品)。 事物说明文:如《苏州园林》,说明“务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上,眼前总是一幅完美的图画”的特征。
事理说明文:如《死海不死》,科学的说明了死海不死的原因在于“海水的咸度很高”。 二、说明文阅读一般涉及11种题型: 1.对说明对象的把握。
如果是事物说明文,被说明的事物既是说明对象,事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象;如果是事理说明文,说明对象则是对象加特征,答案形成一个短语:介绍了??的??。如:《看云识天气》,介绍了云和天气的关系及怎样看云识天气。
事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。
因为说明对象是一篇文章所要介绍的事物或事理,一般是一个名词或名词短语,可以从两个方面入手:一看文题,二看首尾段。
答题技法:其一,要看懂题目,不少说明文题目本身就表示说明对象,如《中国石拱桥》、《苏州园林》等。
其二,抓住首括句和中心句。说明文往往需要运用首括句和中心句来提示说明重点,包括说明事物的特征。反之,如果需要为说明文的语段加一个标题,也可以用说明对象作为标题。
事物说明文指出被说明事物即可。事理说明文指出说明内容,形成一个短语:介绍了??的??(对象加内容 。例:《看云识天气》介绍云和天气的关系及怎样看云识天气。 2、被说明事物的特征:
答题技法:尽量从原文中找原词原句,若没有,则注意段意、中心句。 例:《中国石拱桥》三大特点:历史悠久、形式优美、结构坚固。 3、说明方法:
a、常见的说明方法有:举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、
列图表、引用说明。
b、常见说明方法的作用:
①、举例子:通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明,从而使说明更具体,更有说服力。
②、分类别:条理清楚地说明了事物的××特点。对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。
③、作比较:把__________和__________加以比较,突出强调了事物的特征/事理。
④、作诠释:对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。下定义与作诠释的区别是:定义要求完整,而诠释并不要求完整,对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。可以颠倒。
⑤、打比方:将__________比作__________,从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理,增强了文章的趣味性。
⑥、摹状貌:对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹,使说明更具体形象。 ⑦、下定义:用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示,从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。
⑧、列数字:用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明,使说明更准确更有说服力。
⑨、列图表:用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明,使说明更简明更直观。
⑩、引资料:能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征,增强说服力
A、引用名言、格言、谚语;作用是使说明更有说服力。
B、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。(在文章开头引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻叙述故事,其目的往往是为了引起读者阅读的兴趣,或者是为了引出说明对象。在文章或段落中间叙述故事,往往是为了增强说明文的可读性,同时也为了说明事物的来源或作用。) 4、说明顺序
a.时间顺序:即以事物发生、发展的时间先后来安排说明顺序,从而写出事物的发展变化情况。这种顺序一般用于人物的生平介绍、科学观察记录,说明事物或事理发生、发展或制作过程一类的说明文。
b.空间顺序:即按照事物的空间存在形式,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从前到后,或由远及近依次进行说明。这种说明顺序,一般用于说明事物的形状、构造特征。
c.逻辑顺序;即按照事物或事理的内部联系成人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。由总到分(或由分而总)、由主而次、由现象到本质、由原因到结果、从特点到用途(或从用途到特点、由个别到一般(或由一般到个别)、从概括到具体(或从具体到概括、由抽象到具体、由整体到局部(或由局部到具体)等。
说明建筑物、景点等通常按照空间顺序说明。介绍事物各阶段的特点或制作过程时,往往采用时间顺序。介绍抽象事理时,则往往需要采用逻辑顺序。
这几年说明文选段多为科技类说明文,此类说明文一般是事理说明文居多,故多用逻辑顺序。
5、段意概括:
句式:说明了??介绍了??
方法:找中心句;结合本段说明特征概括,摘要联合,结合标点,尤其注意分号,认真提炼。 6、“这样”的指代义:指代上文距其最近的一句或几句内容。 7、段落语句顺序:
为什么不能调换段落顺序?
不能调换:原文采用由??到??的顺序介绍事物,调换后不合逻辑。 《向沙漠进军》5、6段照应上文游击战、阵地战顺序。 总分关系中分说部分与前文总说部分顺序相照应。《看云识天气》 8、说明语言:
——准确(科学性):特别要注意说明文中使用的术语和修饰限制性的词语,它们往往体现了说明语言的准确性。
——生动(趣味性):运用了描写的表达方式,或引用了故事、传说、谜语、诗句等。类型1、加点字词有何作用?抓住说明文语言准确这一特点答题。对策:答:准确/生动形象/ 地说明了事物“??”的特征/事理。 类型2、能否替换为另一个词语?并说明理由。对策:答:(1)不可以。 (2)原词的意思或内容。
(3)所换词语的意思或内容。 (4)换了后意思有何改变,与不符合实际。
类型3、限制性词语能否删去?
对策:
答:(1)表态(删还是不删)。
(2)定性。如:“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞;“大约”“可能”“左 右”
等表估计,“多”“有余”等表数量。在原句中表示什么意思。
(3)若删去,原来什么样的意思就变成了什么样的意思了,不符合实际,太绝对了。(4)xx词体现了语言的准确 性、周密性、科学性。
类型4、从文章中找出一个能体现说明文语言“准确”特点的词句,并体会。
类型5:指代——“这些条件”、“这种现象”“同样道理”等在文中具体指代什么。
对策:一般指的就是代词前面的那句话,找最近的一句话。有时要注意可能不是整句
话,而是其中的一部分。
9、说明文的结构。
说明文的结构方式:
a.总分式结构:““总—分—总”式、总(概括)—分(具体)”式、“分—总”式。 b.递进式结构:着重分析各层意思是怎样逐步深入展开的,是由现象到本质、个别到一般、结果到原因等等。 c.并列式。
10、考查能否从阅读材料中捕捉重要信息,对段落的内容进行归纳;对全文要点进行
概括。
技法:认真仔细阅读原文,一般都能从原文中找到答案。
11、近几年,开放性试题以它答案的多元性和不唯一性成为培养学生创新精神和实践能力的一种重要形式。这类试题大概从以下方面考查:(1)对说明内容进行创新性的表述。
(2)对某种现象发表自己独特的看法和见解。(3)结合实际对某个问题谈自己的认识。
(4)根据文章内容进行合理性的推断和大胆想象。
(5)由文章内容延伸到现实生活,对现实生活中相关现象进行解释。
(6)对人类关注的环境问题等提出解决的方法,拟写警示性标语、建议、广告等。这种题考查的是学生的综合能力。考查的是学生对生活的关注情况。再迁移到文段中来。开放性试题,虽然没有规定唯一的答案,可以各抒己见。但在答题时要从三个角度作答:
(1)是就材料回答问题。不一定按标准答案作答,意思答对就给满分; (2)是阅读材料后,或提出自己不同的看法。或扩散联想到其它方面。
总之。这类试题不光是在训练理解能力,对答案的表述不能只靠一个符号或一个词语来完成,要写成一句或一段完整的话。在答题的同时有助于增加学生主体参与意识,扩大学生独立发表见解的余地。
三、说明文写法分析
1、结合说明方法谈 规范性的答题模式如下: 这篇文章主要运用了??的说明方法,说明了??(内容:事物特征或事理),使说明??(作用:参考前面说明方法,明确其作用) 2、结合修辞手法谈规范性的答题模式如下: 这是一篇生动地说明文,大量地使用了各种修辞手法,
说明了??(内容),使文章的说明形象生动。 3、结合表达方式谈 记叙、描写使说明更具体形象;抒情、议论使说明更有感情。那么,从这个角度分析说明文的写法,答题的规范性格式如下: 这篇文章综合运用多种表达方式,除了说明外,还有??(从“记叙、描写、说明、议论”根据内容选择),如??(具体举例),就是??(表达方式)的运用,使说明更具体形象/充满感情。
四、说明语段的作用
(1)、结构、内容作用:引出下文、承上启下、总结全文/前文、照应开头。 有时在文章在开头,还起着引出说明对象/说明事理的作用。 (2)、结合说明方法谈。
通过??的说明方法,说明了??(事物特征或事理),使说明??(作用)
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
春天, 万物复苏,小河水哗哗地顺流而下; 活泼机灵的小鸟们在枝头喳喳地纵情歌唱; 小草们神不知鬼不觉地从地下探出了脑袋,大地换上了绿色的新衣; 小野花们争先恐后地展示着自己的美丽; 一棵棵大树好像正在返老还童, 抽出嫩黄色的新芽;。年迈的`凤凰木也紧跟着春天的步伐, 吐出米粒大小的嫩叶, 就像刚出生的婴儿那般娇嫩。
夏天,太阳像一个火炉似地炙烤着地面。凤凰木的叶子早已变成了深绿色,枝条也向四周扩展了许多,变成了一把绿色的大伞。当太阳透过茂密的树叶筛下一束束金光时, 美丽的凤凰花绽开了一张张笑脸,好像给凤凰木披上了红色的霞衣。
秋天,凤凰树的叶子慢慢地变成了金黄色,在微风吹拂下纷纷飘落下来, 给地面铺上了一层厚厚的金色地毯。课间十分钟,我和小伙伴们在凤凰树下尽情地玩耍、嬉闹,甭提有多高兴了。
冬天,刺骨的寒风从耳边呼呼地刮过,古老的凤凰木褪去了繁华,仿佛一个弯着腰、知识渊博的老学者,正在讲述着她一百多年来的沧桑岁月, 并勉励我们克服各种困难、勤奋学习,成为对国家有贡献的人才。
这就是我们百年老校的百年古树---凤凰木。
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.