1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
“今天是个好日子呀,心想的事儿都能成啊……”我哼着歌儿,蹈着舞步,陶醉在幸福之中。“至于吗你,才买了件新衣服就得瑟成这样!”妈妈哭笑不得地看着我,“洗了才能穿啊!”“知道了啦!真啰嗦……”我小声嘟囔着。
“我的衣服干了没?”我第101次问妈妈,妈妈不耐烦地挥挥手:“自己去看!”,我走进阳台,顷刻间,一声10000分贝的叫声从我嘴里发出:“我的衣服掉下去啦!”妈妈忙放下手中的活,走进阳台,看见衣服静静地躺在四楼阳台上,像是一个玩累了的孩子,蜷伏在温暖的床上……
“怎么办怎么办怎么办!我的衣服!”我在屋子里走来走去,着急得要命,好像只差一秒就要哭出来。:“还能怎么办,下去拿呗!”妈妈有些无奈。
“咚咚咚”我叩响了四楼邻居的门,等了一会儿,也不见有人来开门,妈妈突然说:“别敲了,他不在。”我这才发现,墙上贴着一张纸:我在乡下,有事请拨打135********。
妈妈拨通了他的电话,他听了这件事,决定立刻赶回来帮助我们。我回到家里,忐忑不安的等着,也就30来分钟吧,我家的门被叩响了。我急忙去开门,门外站着一位叔叔。说是叔叔,倒不如叫他伯伯更为贴切:他那饱经风霜的脸上有一条长长的伤疤,眼角有着一条条深深的皱纹,他的皮肤十分粗糙,可以看出,他遭受了许多日晒风吹……
叔叔看到我,急切地说:“快走吧,早点拿回衣服,你们才能早点安心啊!”我和妈妈跟着叔叔走进他家,叔叔的家有些乱,但物品摆放还算比较整齐。一进叔叔家的门,我们就直奔阳台,可一到阳台,我们就傻眼了:衣服竟掉到了阳台的下面!
妈妈用一根竹竿绑着衣架,想勾起那件衣服,可衣服就是不听使唤,怎么也不肯上钩。“我来我来!”想拿回衣服的***迫使我从妈妈手中夺下“钩衣器”。我笨手笨脚地操作起来,可过了好一会儿,衣服还是没被勾上来。这时,一直一言不发的叔叔开口了:“让我来吧!”在叔叔的帮助下,我终于勾起了那件衣服。我笑了,叔叔也笑了……
这件衣服我至今还保存着,每当看到它,我就会想起那位叔叔……
在岁月的长河中,有许许多多惊喜、悲伤、感动、快乐的事情。其中,就有一件让我时时刻刻不能忘怀的事。
有一次,妈妈在网上买了一种叫“龙卷风”的扫地器。看网上评论说,这种扫地器虽然有点贵,但是很好用。几天后,等快递员一走,我就拆开包装,三下五除二的拼装起来。嗬,这扫地器样子还真不赖:小巧玲珑的电动滚刷,上面还罩了一层透明的玻璃盖,再配上银灰色的手柄,真是让我爱不释手。
安上电池,我扫起地来,所到之处,地板都能当镜子了。而我只需按住手柄往前一推,一切就ok了!真是太方便了!我这个平时连水都懒得倒的大小姐也勤快起来,扫完卧室扫客厅,扫完客厅扫厨房,扫完厨房扫阳台。一边扫,一边哼着张杰的《年轻的战场》,那歌伴着扫地的嗡嗡声,好像是在开一场个人演唱会。妈妈在一旁笑得合不拢嘴,我也笑了。
这时门被推开了,门口站着一脸怒气的爸爸,还没等我向爸爸介绍这扫地器的妙用,爸爸就厉声喝道:“快把这东西关了!”我和妈妈吓得不知所措。爸爸几步跨进来,关掉了开关。屋子里显得很安静,爸爸缓和了一下,说:“这声音我在二楼就听到了,三楼、五楼都有老人,而且心脏都不好,你们又不是不知道,这么大的声音,他们哪里受得了?”妈妈自责地说:“光顾着孩子高兴了,这么大的事都忘了!”我更是惭愧的不得了。我赶紧把“龙卷风”放到一旁,生怕它再发出声响。
从此以后,我家的“龙卷风”再也没用过,虽然它很贵,束之高阁的确有些可惜,但是,邻里之间的和谐相处高于一切!
那天下午,我放学了,当我准备开门时,伸手摸了摸口袋,突然,我心里一惊:“啊!口袋是空的。我明明记者我带着钥匙啊,怎么会不见了呢?”我非常着急的跑下楼。此时,刮起了大风。风无情地向我吹来。我冻得直发抖。紧接着下起了大雨。“咦?这是谁家在做饭,真香啊!”我心想。这时我才发现自己已经饿的饥肠辘辘了。我跑向楼道躲雨。
一双温暖的大手摸在了我的头上。我转过身,原来是二楼的李奶奶呀。奶奶问我:“为什么不回家呀?”我说:“奶奶,我没带钥匙,回不了家了。”奶奶听了之后,对我说:“没事,你一定饿了吧!来到奶奶家吃饭吧!”我说:“不了,奶奶,我怎么好意思麻烦您呢。况且,我妈妈一会儿就回来了!”奶奶说:“孩子啊,我是你的长辈,我有权利照顾你!”听了奶奶的话,我不再推辞了。顿时,一股暖流流入我的心田。
外面虽然是风雨交加,但奶奶的屋子里却是温暖的。奶奶端上来了饭菜,我狼吞虎咽的吃了起来。我吃饱了,准备端走碗筷。奶奶拉住了我,说:“我来吧,你快去写作业吧!”
不一会儿,妈妈来接我了,他跟奶奶道谢后,就接我回家了。
临走时奶奶还对我说:“以后没事就到奶奶家玩吧!记住,爸爸妈妈没在就来奶奶家吃饭,别饿着。”“恩,奶奶,谢谢您。在我有困难的时候帮助了我。”
这件事过去很久了,但我至今难忘。因为,这不仅是长辈对晚辈的关心与爱护,更是邻里间和睦相处,互相帮助的美好品质。
前些天随父亲回了趟龙口老家。单独的小院星罗棋布的躺在泥泞小路的两旁,姑姑家是第一户,红漆门上贴着崭新的门神像,院子的一角栓着“东东”,很忠诚的黄犬。用砖头垒起的池塘里,只有写草绿的荷叶,可惜没有花。头顶上不是蔚蓝的天空,是碧绿和水晶紫交织的空间,硕大的葡萄摇摇欲坠,日光照去,与叶子相得益彰,很温暖。模糊听出一些怪音,原来是后院喂养的三头猪正悠闲的打着饱嗝呢。
姑姑见了我十分欢喜,拉着我上了炕,屋里刚来了一位老人,姑说她是临院的,老伴走了,子女也进了城,一个人,好在身体很硬朗。老人稀疏的白发盘成了髻,脸上尽是岁月的.沟壑,捧着一大碗笑趔了嘴的无花果给姑“刚摘的,可鲜可鲜喽!”我暗笑,过节送饺子的传统竟还存在,只是城里没有了罢。姑说,老人三天两头的不请自来,不是母鸡下蛋了,就是新做了一双布鞋,姑原是拒绝的,但老人孤单落寞的背影深深刺痛了姑心灵最柔软的部分。于是每次都十分迎合她并乐意的接受她的心意,然后借礼尚往来的理由经常去看望老人,陪她唠唠嗑。其他的人家也如是做,使的老人冷清的家里变的热闹。
有一回,姑摔了脚,姑父又无法天天守在家里,生活十分不便。络绎不绝的街坊四邻送来了鸡蛋,水果,虽然都是很简单的东西,但毕竟是邻里们的心意,又不同于城里探病送礼的形式化。在乡下这本是很平常的事,姑还是心里热热的,一一谢过。没想到,对门的张婶拉着姑的胳膊:“大妹子,反正咱俩家就几步路,这些天就让俺照顾你吧。”刘婶又凑过来,摆摆手:“还是轮着吧,你上午,俺下午。”“俺一有空也来吧,你上次还帮俺娃了呢。”……盛情难却,那些天,姑着实当了回被一大帮人伺候的“富婆”,端茶倒水,洗衣做饭,邻里们心甘情愿的为自己做的一切,时隔几年,姑依然记忆犹新,邻里们大概已经忘了。
几天的相处和姑的娓娓讲述,让我爱上了这里的土地,那么纯净,清新,爱上了这里的村民,那么朴实,憨厚,善良。这里的邻里,还原了“邻里”的本质,又岂是钢筋混凝土铸就的浮华里的“邻居”可比的?或许不会不认识,但“远亲不如近邻”仿佛已成了纸上谈兵。
虽然由于各方面的原因,城市与乡村的邻里不能划等号,但只要心是暖的,一盒海参与一碗无花果,一句真心的问侯与一个月的照料,一声热情的招呼与几时分钟的唠嗑……它们是等价的。而这样,才像真正的邻里嘛!
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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