1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
事情已经过去很久了。但是我仍然忘不了她热情的`面容。
她是我的邻居,她的家里开着小卖部。在我十四岁,从城里回到家乡的时候,我受到了她热情的迎接。
爸爸让我去他们家买酱油,她很高兴我回来了,但是我对她很陌生,因为我已经十年没回过家乡了。她不仅没收酱油钱,还给了我一瓶大瓶可乐让我带回去,我推辞不过,道了谢就走了。
我回来的第二天中午,她邀请我们全家去她家吃饭。她实在很热情和友好。
在夏天的时候,如果我偶尔去她家,她常会给我一些小零食。我无法用言语来说明她的友善和我对她的感动。我记忆很深的是,有一次,我领着朋友们去她的店里买零食,她免作文吧http://wwW.ZuowEn8.coM/作文吧费赠了我的朋友们和我每人一个一元钱的雪糕。我知道他们店里是有五毛钱的雪糕,我看到她拿五毛钱的雪糕时犹豫了,然后换成了一元钱的雪糕。我真真切切感觉到了她的真心。
她胖胖的,儿女都很有出息,听我妈说,她是一个很坚强而且厉害的女人,因为她是一个单身母亲。
有一天,她生病了。我很担心,我去看她的时候,发现她那间小卧室里已经站满了来看望和关怀她的人。她虚弱的躺在床上,旁边穿着白色大褂的医生仔细的为她诊断着。她实在是一个人缘极好,热心大众的人。
正所谓“德不孤,必有邻”“桃李不言下自成蹊”,她实在担当得起高度的赞美。
我很高兴她是我的邻居。
我驻足在涂着金黄色油漆的栅栏前,痴望着眼前的栀子花丛。
此时正是栀子花开得最灿烂的时候,展现在我眼前的是一片圣洁的花海,像是飞舞在天空中的雪花定格在了某一时刻一样;散发的香气足以让人沉醉。我沉浸在这浓郁的香气中。
我仔细寻觅着,想找到一朵最美最大最香的花儿。终于,有一朵花儿不辜负我的期望,绽放在了我的面前。
这朵花,色泽洁白,晶莹饱满,花朵圆润地舒展着,花瓣上有着无数浅浅的旋纹,旋着旋着,就好像这花儿的生命鲜活起来了,洁白的花瓣上透着一点淡淡的浅绿,花儿宛如刚及笄的少女一样美丽。我凑过去,深深地吸了一口,惊喜地脱口而出:“哇,好香!”
我用无比珍爱的眼神望着这朵花。忽然发现,花的中心有象蚜虫一样细小的虫子聚集在一起,啃咬着花瓣。
我不禁为这朵花感到悲哀。这么灵动鲜活的生命,却要忍受虫子的啃咬,它得多么痛苦啊!
我突然陷入了沉思。这朵花,这么美,这么香,它的香气是最浓郁芬芳的,在香气中蕴藏着一种勇气和力量。不管多么痛苦都要勇敢地绽放,散发自己的香气。如果没有痛苦,它还会是这样美,这样香吗?正因为痛苦,它才向世界展现它的美丽,才会有这么沁人心脾的香气。人,何尝不是如此?如果没有承受痛苦就随随便便成功,那么成功的意义又有多大呢,成功本身的价值又有多大呢?只有忍受痛苦的人,心灵才能蜕变,才能绽放出更大更美的花朵,散发出更香更浓的气味。
不忍受痛苦就成功的人,是沙土里的贝壳;而忍受痛苦最终成功的人,是贝壳里璀璨夺目的、荧光闪闪的珍珠。
我不禁又凑到花儿旁,嗅着它的芬芳,它的香气又让我沉醉,但更重要的是,它把忍受痛苦的勇气和力量随着花香盈满了我的心田。
我再次情不自禁地脱口而出:“哇,好香!”
人们总说“远亲不如近邻”,漫漫岁月,不同姓氏的人,相邻而居,在时间的磨合下,相识相知,比家人还要亲近,这句,便这样出现。
然而,飞速发展的现代,一个个钢筋铁笼,把人们的心都紧紧地束缚着,曾经亲如一家的邻居们,现在连一个微笑也不会施舍给人,我也就习惯了这种模式。
“你好呀”我很讶然地看着这位向我问好的邻居,他微笑着,像是冬天里的暖阳,让人感到十分惬意,我认为他是我见过的,最特别的一个邻居。
妈妈说,他姓朱,是从徐州来的,我知道的也只有这些,不过对于以前那些连名字都不知道的邻居们来说,算是多的了。哦,忘了说明一下,我家对面是一套出租房,邻居更换比较频繁,所以对邻居了解甚少很正常。
而这位朱叔叔真的很奇怪,据说第一次搬入家中时,还到我家来,打了声招呼,还邀我们家中的人,有空去喝茶,不过那时,我正在上学,并未见到当时的场景。
“你好!”“你好!”渐渐地,我对他的热情也就习以为常了,要么他主动问好,要么我主动问好。“你好!”那似乎消失多时的两个字又频频出现了,人们之间不正是缺少这种温情吗?
总是在埋怨世界狭窄的人们,不是被高高的楼房所围困,而是被自己握在手中,走不出的,是自己画下的一个圈,造成寂寞的不是世界,是拒绝世界的自己。
最后一次见到他时,他带来一些徐州的特产,到我家中做客,他要走了,回徐州了,不知为什么,我心中有些失落,“再见,小朋友”他依旧微笑向我招招手,依旧如暖阳般,令人惬意,走了个近邻,又多了远亲吧。
“你好呀!”我微笑着向新来的邻居,打声招呼,她略带诧异看着我,继而回以微笑。
俗话说:远亲不如近邻。我的邻居就是一个爱关心别人帮助别人的人,热情大方的好邻居,不信,你们听我说!我的邻居是个年亲漂亮的阿姨,她长得很标致,她长着一对月牙儿似的眉毛,长着一双乌黑的眼睛,一个小巧玲珑的鼻子,还长着一张能说会笑的嘴巴,真好看!
阿姨不光长得漂亮,人也特别好。有一次,我下午放学回到家里,看见我们假的门还紧紧的锁着,就知道爸爸妈妈还没回来。这时候我非常着急,想了很多办法,就是没有想出办法,只好独自一个人孤零零的在门外面等了。天渐渐黑了,万物都穿上黑色的衣服,静静的睡了,马路上的一盏盏路灯都亮了,可是爸爸妈妈还是没有回来,看着黑夜的灯光我心里有点害怕。忽然邻居家的阿姨出来看见我一个孤零零的在门口,关心的说:“方方,爸爸妈妈还没回来呢,先到我们家坐会啊!我不好意思的摇摇头说:”阿姨我没事,阿姨看见我不好意思的样子,又说:“快进来吧!看见阿姨这么关心我,我只好答应了。
我走进一个陌生的家,阿姨热情的叫我坐下,还给我拿了饮料,很多好吃的,那时我还有点不好意思,一声不响的就坐下了。阿姨的招待特别好,随手打开了电视,把遥控顺便给了我,叫我想看什么自己还,渐渐地我就放松;了心情,开心的看起了电视。过了一会爸爸妈妈回来找到了阿姨家,我依依不舍的离开了阿姨家。阿姨还是很大方的说:”以后常来我家哦!“我说阿姨谢谢您的关心。
我的邻居就是一个爱关心别人,帮助别人的好人,我很喜欢,长大一定向阿姨学习。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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