1、什么是续写
让我们先来弄清什么是续写。续写就是在原有故事的基础上,将内容继续延伸,成为一篇完整的文章。
续写,是一种比较常见的“给资料作文”,是把不完整的故事继续补充写完整的写作。它有助于培养我们合理想象能力,发明思维能力和语言表达能力。
2、续写的形式
从续写练习的形式来说,主要有两种:一种是给出故事的开头,然后要求续写故事的情节和结尾。在中年级语文考试的试题中出现的续写大多都是这种方式。另一种是根据一篇文章的主要内容和基本情节接着写下去,这是一种读写结合的续写方式,往往要求写出一篇有所发展,情节不同的新故事来。如,阅读了《龟兔赛跑》后,续写《龟兔第二次赛跑》。新故事与原来的故事情节有一定联系,但是故事的中心变了,这次兔子接受教训,顺利获得胜利。这类续写,既要理解原文的主要内容和中心,展开想象,注意与原文坚持一定的连续性一致性,还要有新意。
3、续写常用方法
(1)展开想象,合理推测原文内容。
展开想象,就是对原文故事没有写出的情节展开合理的推想,打开思路,多角度地去想象,想象出几种情况,几种结果,然后从中加以选择。譬如,小学四年级有篇课文《雨中》,写的是在黄昏的雨中,一位姑娘将满载的一箩筐苹果翻倒在马路上,姑娘万分焦急。课文仅仅对黄昏雨中路上的情景,以和姑娘翻倒箩筐的情景进行了描写。许多同学写出了不同的文章。有的续写出人们伸出援助之手的故事,赞颂了社会的文明之风。有的根据自身的生活阅历,写出了路人的冷漠,呵斥了这种做法。还有的写出了姑娘为了不堵塞交通,忍痛放弃捡拾苹果的故事。这几种故事的结局都是合理的,这样续写的文章就会内容丰富而有新意。
(2)前后照应,防止自相矛盾。
续写要注意前后照应,防止自相矛盾。特别是给开头的续写,必需要与上文紧密联系,使上下文融为一体。譬如,文章《难忘的一件事》,文章给出的资料是这样的:
每当我看到下雨,脑海里就会出现一位叔叔的身影,而那件事也会浮现在我的脑海里,使我久久难以忘怀……
那是夏季的一天,放学时下起了滂沱大雨,我和一个小姑娘站在学校门口等人接。天色越来越晚,我们两个都焦急不安。这时,远处隐隐约约一个身影向学校奔来……
同学们的续写各种各样,大局部同学读懂了资料的内容,写出了叔叔是小姑娘的爸爸。经过合理推想写出这位叔叔看到我的焦急,就主动或步行、或骑自行车、或打出租车、或将自身的雨伞借给我等情节,吻合了前面的资料。但是有的同学写出了叔叔是一个坏人,我机智勇敢地与他进行了斗争,胜利脱险的事情。仅看所续写的内容好像也是在情理之中的,但是结合文章已经给出的资料就会发现,续写的内容与题目和开头有些矛盾。这种与坏人斗争的事应该是惊心动魄或者是心有余悸的,而不大可能是久久难以忘怀的,你们说对吗?
《如何在大学里脱颖而出》这是一本巴掌大小的小书,以至于放在架子中被众多书籍所淹没,显得并不起眼。但是书中列出的却是每个大学生不得不面对的问题,因此在封面中印着“一流大学顶尖学生的成功指南”。作者通过对哈佛、普林斯顿、耶鲁、达特茅斯、康奈尔、斯坦福等美国一流大学里的顶尖学生进行调查,把他们成功的秘诀提炼成了75条简洁实用的法则。
对于刚刚经历过高考,踏入大学校门的学生来说,大学是一个令人激动而又朝思暮想的地方。在这里将开启崭新的生活,可以自由自在的度过四年美好的时光。然而,这四年的时光并不仅仅意味着追寻乐趣,更是未来人生的新起点。能否奠定一个好的基础对今后至关重要。在这种信念的激发下,作者开始动手采访美国国内的一流学生,想要找出他们在大学中脱颖而出的成功经验,帮助大学生们以最佳的状态度过四年宝贵的时光。
翻开书,每2、3页就有一条法则。
法则5:整理你的床铺。这是将个人的生活习惯单独列出来。为什么整理床铺这样简单的小事会影响你的成功呢?因为整洁的房间能够让你保持头脑清醒,而杂乱的屋子会让你头脑混乱。如果你不能保持房间的整洁,你将永远无法真正感觉到房间井然有序。这些小的方面对于成就的取得是必不可少的。
法则10:每天读报。每天定时读份报很有好处,它使大脑能够保持活跃,就像做智力体操。而且经常读报才能清楚掌握国内外政治、经济、生活趋势,帮助你拓展视野,增长见识,从而有助学业上获得成功。
法则19:每节课上提一个问题。要想在每节课上都保持精神高度集中,这是一件非常不容易的\'事。尤其是饭后,经常在上课时就会有昏昏欲睡的感觉。有一个在课堂上保持旺盛精力的方法,就是:保证每节课至少提一个问题。这样在老师讲课时你就可以根据讲解修正和完善你的问题,加强你对所学内容的理解,得到更好的课堂体验。
法则24:穿戴整齐去上课。穿戴整齐会让你自我感觉良好,而且还会使你这一天更加正式。你身上就会散发出要过好这一天的信息。
法则27:课外多练笔。对于一个大学生,写作非常重要。只有当你能够清楚完整地表达自己的思想时,才能在学业上取得长足进步。
法则31:不要在房间里学习。对于学习来说,能够有一个不受外界干扰、安静有效率的环境是十分重要的。而在寝室里,外界的各种干扰随时存在。在图书馆,干扰较少,周围都是成排的书籍,到处都是勤奋学习的同学,这种氛围就会让你能够迅速开始学习任务。
法则35:积极参加客座讲座。大学总是会定期邀请一些专家、学者举办讲座。积极参加这些讲座不仅仅能拓展你的知识领域,还会激发你新的想法,点燃你的智慧之火。
法则48:学会聆听。在大学里,要培养的一个重要技能就是学会聆听。通常人们都愿意去表达自己的观点,和别人进行争论,而能够在聊天中耐心聆听别人的观点的人是很少的。因此,学会聆听能够赢得别人对你的尊重,让你成为见多识广的人。
法则52:拥有一本学习进展记录本。在长期的学习过程中,总会遇到些困难让你进展不下去。解决的办法就是记录你的学习进展过程,这样可以帮助你更好地掌握时间,提高效率,遵循计划。
这本书就像是一本启迪之书,帮助你找到大学生活中最完美的平衡点,帮助你翻开独立生活的新篇章,成为你大学生活中的好伙伴。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
to prevent H7N9 we should know some common sense. First of all, it is important for us to prevent H7N9 from ourselves. For example, clean our hands frequently.
Sencondly, do more exercises. Such as running. Lastly, change our diet to keep balence. For example, eat more types of vegetables and drink more water
How to prevent the H7N9?
As is well known,the A flu is spreading throught our country. However, if we negnect it, the deadly H7N9 may cause more infectors,or even more deaths. So what is the most important is that we should take some effective measures to prevent it.They can be listed as follows.
Firstly,it is necessary for you to realize the Avian flu can be prevented if you develop good living habits. For example,you shouldn’t forget to wash your hands before meals.Besides,don’t spit everywhere and try to cover your mouth or nose with paper or hankerchiefs when you have to cough or sneeze.What’s more, remember to wear the mouth-cover if you have to go to the public places, such as the crowded cinemas,supermarkets, buses,where the A flu may spread easily.
Secondly,of course, taking exercise more often and taking good sleep to build your body are wise choices for you to reduce the risk of being infected.
Last but not the least, if you are unlucky to be infected with the slight flu cold, try to stay at home,and take some medicine. Do pay attention to your daily body temperature. If you have a high fever, go to the hospital without delay for further treatment. Make sure you are not expected to come back to school before the cold or flu is cured.
Only by doing like this can you prevent or defeat the A flu in the end.
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
兔子课上,五(2)班王军同学练习跳远时,不小心把脚扭伤了,不能动弹。只见他手指着右脚,咬着牙说:“疼……疼死我了。”几个身高体壮的男生七手八脚地把他抬出沙坑,小心翼翼地脱下他的鞋袜一看,啊,脚腕已经肿了起来,并且青里透紫地出现了淤血,王军也由于疼痛而汗珠直淌。大家一下子都慌了,有的说:“快送医院吧。”有的说:“快打电话通知他爸妈吧。”更有心急的同学,上前就要为他按摩,恨不得一下子把那个大肿包给揉下去。
就在大家手忙脚乱,心急火燎的时候,兔子王老师却镇定自若。他制止了要给王军按摩的同学,对大家说:“刚刚扭伤,绝不可以乱动,大家听我布置:冯旭——马上去医务室请校医,并让她带一卷绷带来;肖鹏——你劲大,把王军背到水池边。”肖鹏在老师的协助下,小心翼翼地把王军背到了水池边。同学们也一齐围了过来。
老师边用水池中的冷水冲洗王军扭伤的脚,边告诉我们,这是防止继续瘀血。一会儿,校医李老师来了,用绷带把王军脚腕上部缠紧。兔子老师又告诉我们,这是不让肿胀再扩散。然后,他又叮嘱王军把脚架在高处,保证血液回流疏通。看着老师熟练的操作,听着那头头是道的讲解,再看王军减轻了痛苦的表情,大家都长吁了一口气,一齐向老师投去了敬佩的目光。这时,王老师又推来一辆自行车,让王军坐在后车架上,和校医一起把他送到医院去做进一步检查治疗。
这堂课上得可真有价值,不光锻炼了身体,还增加了急救知识。事后连受伤的王军都开玩笑说:“用我身体的疼痛为你们换来了急救知识,值——”从此,大家更佩服体育王老师了。
这篇习作想象非常新颖,小作者写体育老师如何当场“紧急处置”,从而觉得这节体育课不光锻炼了身体,还增加了急救知识,“值”。文中写老师的“镇定自若”,和同学们“一下子都慌了”形成鲜明对比,使体育老师给人们留下深刻的印象。结尾写大家更佩服王老师了,是发自内心的呼声。
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