1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
我们的童年是金色的,是快乐的,当然,也是在长辈的精心呵护下茁壮成长的。我们的成长需要掌声,需要失败,需要喝彩的,但是,在我们的生活中,是最需要鼓励的。
我曾经在网上看过一篇小学生特别报道新闻:
在一所小学里,有一名三年级的学生,他叫张肖。一次,学校举行运动会,班主任来到班里选运动员,张肖参加了400米长跑,可就在练习当中,他发现自己的.长跑能力不是很好,而且每一次练习,他都会跑错跑道或是比别人起步晚,同学们就嘲笑他,说他比蜗牛的十八代老祖宗还要慢……张肖为此而失去了信心。于是他向班主任提出不参加这次比赛。老师问他为什么要退出比赛,张肖说自己不如别人,就连体育不及格的同学都比他跑得快,而且同学们也经常嘲笑他跑得不如一个小女生……
老师听后,愤怒地告诉张肖:张肖!你怎么可以就为这一点挫折就放弃比赛,同学们怎么说,就让他们说去吧,有什么大不了的,就算你跑的不如一个小女生,但是只要你肯去努力,肯去练习,你肯定会跑得很快的,这时,那些嘲笑你的同学就会去尊敬你,敬佩你,老师我看好你的,我会帮你加油打气的,张肖,不要放弃,找回自己的信心,证明给那些嘲笑你的同学看,加油!
听完这些老师鼓励他的话,张肖满眼泪水,拉着老师的手,急忙感谢老师,老师却笑了笑。
从那天开始,张晓就努力练习,如果有同学在旁边嘲笑他,他的心里总是想:你们说去吧,我会用我自己的付出证明给你们看,让你们大吃一惊。
就这样,一天天过去了,张肖一天比一天跑得快,终于,张肖的付出没有白费,在全校的长跑中他拿得了冠军,那些嘲笑他的同学对他刮目相看。这时,有位同学问他,是什么让他得到冠军,张晓却笑着说,这是老师给我自信心的源泉。
看完这篇报道,我的心中涌出了一个问题:为什么老师只说了几句鼓励的话,就能让张肖取得这么大的成功?我想了又想,终于找到了答案,张肖并不想让老师失望,再加上他要让嘲笑他的同学大吃一惊……•
我知道了,这就是鼓励的力量,就像诸葛亮的东风。
冬日的午后,阳光倾洒,宛若芬芳的'浓稠美酒。
慵懒的双眸被耀目的冬阳催开,触目所及,皆是一片暖橙之色,心也被这柔柔的阳光填满。
我起身走动,空气中漾动着红枣的甜蜜气息。隔着玻璃,我瞥见一个熟悉的身影,视线追随而去——是母亲。
倚着半掩的房门,方才模糊的身影在眸中渐渐清晰:只见母亲系着平日里的碎花围裙,裙上的浅黄花瓣在雾气的氤氲中愈发灵动,恍若散发着缕缕馨香。母亲双眼注视着锅中的食材,右手执木勺,小心地在锅中慢慢作弧形搅拌,左手则虚握着锅柄,透着一股专注。袅袅的热气伴着丝丝缕缕的馨香从锅中逸出,挑拨着我的每一根味觉神经,母亲的面庞也在水汽中若隐若现,生出几分朦胧的美感。循着浅淡的气味和锅内浓稠的汤汁,我猜,母亲是在熬银耳汤吧。
不久,母亲便放下了手中的木勺,关了天然气。将锅内的银耳汤倒入碗中,精致的瓷勺落入碗底,发出一声清脆的“咚”,和着温润的阳光,叩击心扉,柔柔的,暖意在心中酝酿。
冬阳的沐浴中,母亲捧着碗推开玻璃门,径直走向餐厅,眼睛瞥见了立于一旁的我,她微微一愣,恰似行云流水间的一丝留白,而后朝我笑了笑,招手示意我品尝。我握起瓷勺,在碗里轻轻画着圈。只见饱满圆滚的红枣吸足了汤汁,在似裂欲裂之间,露出了里面杏黄色的枣肉。颗颗圆润的莲子好似洁美无瑕的珍珠,在暖黄色汤汁的浸润下,泛着奇异的温润光泽。碗中的银耳显得尤其硕大,托扶着莲子和红枣,宛若冰清玉洁、雪镂冰雕的盛放之花。三者经过巧妙的结合,似是一幅赏心悦目的静态画,那袅袅热气更是美的点缀,香气就这样晃晃悠悠地沉入心底,温暖一片。
我舀起满满一勺,放入嘴中,莲子的清香苦涩与红枣的馥郁甘甜相结合,宛若一颗巧克力加牛奶的太妃糖,既不是单纯的甜腻,也不是独有的苦涩,恰似母爱的芬芳绵长。经过烹煮的银耳脆中带柔,和着甜糯浓稠的汤汁,伴着爱的温暖,缓缓流入心底,暖了胃,更暖了心。一旁的母亲浅笑不语,静静地望着吃得不亦乐乎的我,时光因为这一刻的温暖而定格。
我轻呷一口银耳羹,馨香缕缕,情意浓浓,让这份爱伴随着母亲的温暖留存于心底。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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