事实上,雾霾天气持续,空气质量下降,并不是今年的新现象。这几年,每到秋冬特别是入冬以后,我国中东部地区不时会遇这样的情况,其中既有气象原因,也有污染排放原因。
中央气象台首席预报员马学款表示,近期中东部地区出现的雾在气象学上称为辐射雾,其形成原因主要有三点:一是这些地区近地面空气相对湿度比较大;二是没有明显冷空气活动,风力较小,大气层比较稳定;三是天空晴朗少云,有利于夜间的辐射降温,使得近地面原本湿度比较高的空气饱和凝结形成雾。
大范围雾霾天气主要出现在冷空气较弱和水汽条件较好的大尺度大气环流形势下,近地面低空为静风或微风。受近地面静稳天气控制,空气在水平和垂直方向流动性均非常小,大气扩散条件非常差。受其控制,城市无论规模大小,其局地交通、生活、生产所需的能源消耗的污染物排放均在低空不断积累。与此同时,由于雾霾天气的湿度较高,水汽较大,雾滴提供了吸附和反应场所加速反应性气态污染物向液态颗粒物成分的转化,同时颗粒物也容易作为凝结核加速雾霾的生成,两者相互作用,迅速形成污染。
环保专家表示,如果在冬季遇到长时间雾霾过程,通常在北方地区因为采暖期猛增的能源消耗排放,中等以上城市人口集中排放量大的主城区连续三天的空气污染物积累就可能达到重度污染的程度,在南方地区如果生产和交通排放量大也可能达到重度污染的程度。
I read the Chinese version of “Camille” a few years ago. At that time I was deeply moved by the main character Marguerite Gautier. “Camille” or “The Lady of the Camellias” by Alexandre Dumas, fils, is the story of Marguerite Gautier, a young courtesan, or kept woman, in Paris in the mid 1800's, and how she falls in love with a young man, Armand Duval, and then tries to escape from her questionable past. Unfortunately, it comes back to haunt her and she ends up returning to that life and dies painfully and alone, but with the knowledge that she was a noble woman at heart. When I first began to read the book, I did not care for Marguerite or her attitude or lifestyle, but as I got further into the narrative, I realized that her saucy attitude was a front to cover the lonely woman that she really was. She felt used, abused and unloved, until the gentle Armand Duval came into her life and showed her that he loved her as a person and not for what she could do for him. It must have taken great courage for Marguerite to leave the life she had lived for so long, knowing all along that it was probably too good to be true and would not last indefinitely. And it also showed that Marguerite really loved Armand Duval for she could even change herself for him.
However, happiness didn’t last for long. When M. Duval, Armand's father, came to her, pleading for her to leave Armand to save both Armand's reputation and that of his younger innocent sister, Marguerite saw a way to become pure of heart, if not in body. She felt that it was her duty, because she loved Armand so much, to do this even though it meant giving up her own happiness and hurting Armand temporarily. She reluctantly returned to her former life, knowing that.some day Armand would forgive her. Sadly, she died in debt and basically alone, except for her one female friend, Julie Duprat, who helped her during her illness. She had her journal sent to Armand after her death, explaining why she had made the choices she had. I think Dumas's last few lines about Marguerite being the exception, not the rule were quite true, and I also agreed with his view that while her lifestyle could not be condoned, we as a society assume that all of these type of women are cold and heartless, while this may not always be the case. A person can make the wrong choices in life when they are young, and try to redeem themselves, but sometimes past situations prevent them from changing their lives, even though they desperately wish to do so. This applies to both men and women in many different types of circumstances: involvement in crime; drug or alcohol abuse; gambling; prostitution; financial problems; poor marriage choices; etc. And this is the fact, which exists in the whole society.
As far as the other characters in the book, I think Marguerite was right in saying that no one truly cared about her, but only wanted something from her, the only exceptions being Armand and Julie Duprat. Of course, the Comte de G. and Comte de N. wanted her body and appearance. The
Duke needed to “wake up and smell the coffee” and realize that she could never replace his dead daughter. If he truly cared, he could have helped her leave her lifestyle without “keeping” her himself. And lastly, Prudence was a blood-sucking leech who used Marguerite almost worse than the men. I also think she was jealous of the fact that Marguerite had so much more courage than herself and someone truly loved her.
Last morning, when tiding my bookshelf, I took this book out of the shelf, and a dried flower flew away from the book. It was pale blue, very transparent, with thin fine veins. a dried flower flew away from the book. It was pale blue, very transparent, with thin fine veins. I held it against the morning light and blew on it. The soft breeze carried it away. Camille is just like the camellia, she could never escape from the destiny of withering. But it wasn’t her fault; it’s because of the evil of Capitalism and the hideousness of that society.
Suddenly, I remembered a saying: “Women are like the flowers”. Those pretty women are like those beautiful flowers; their delicate beauty makes people feel they are the miracle of life. However, even the God envies their beauty. It seems that beautiful women always have tragic endings. As we are normal persons, even we can see the hideousness of humanity that results in their fate of withering, we can at most ask quietly in our hearts: Where have those beautiful flowers gone? Where have they gone?
The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe
It seemed to be such a coincidence that the night after I finished reading The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe, I was to dine in a restaurant distinctly related to the book itself. This restaurant was no other than the famous American-styled “Friday ’s. ” The reason for mentioning this restaurant is quite straightforward to all the gentlemen, ladies and children who have read the novel and enjoyed it, which is the fact that this restaurant was, most likely, named after the American Native in Robinson Crusoe, called Friday. This restaurant offers very exceptional service, for instance when the waitresses are asked to order dishes they kneel rather than stand, which, unlike the other restaurants I have been to, makes it easier for the customers to hear them speak. Moreover, Friday’s friendly services to the customers help them to make better choices when ordering dishes. I remembered when I went to Friday ’s last time; the waitress kindly described the items on the menu with precise details. It turned out that the combo I initially wanted was designed to be shared among a large group, not to be eaten by one person. I think this restaurant shows many commendable features similar to that of Friday. Friday brought emotional warmth to the people around him with his appealing personality. I think it was this personality that affected Crusoe and made him say that he loved Friday when Crusoe didn ’t express love for his parents, brothers, sisters, or even his wife. “When he espied me, he came running to me, laying himself down again upon the ground, with all the possible signs of an humble, thankful disposition, making many antic gestures to show it to let me know how he would serve me as long as he lived.” This was what Friday did after Crusoe had rescued him from the two savages chasing him. It was easy for me to see why Crusoe had loved Friday. After sometime, Crusoe and Friday were to rescue Friday’s father. When Friday reunited with his father, the scene was easy to move anyone: “It would have moved anyone to tears to have seen how Friday kissed him, embraced him, hugged him, cried, laughed, halloed, jumped about, danced,
sung; and then sung and jumped about again, like a distracted creature. It was a good while before I could make him speak to me.” This is my favourite chapter in the whole book. It is hard to see why Friday is an ex-savage when he can have personalities more praiseworthy than many civilized people, viz. Crusoe himself. “When he (Friday went to him (Friday’s father, he would sit down by him, open his breast, and hold his father’s head close to his bosom, half an hour together, to nourish it; then he took his arms and ankles, which were numbed and stiff with the binding, and rubbed them with his hands.” Furthermore, Friday’s expression of loyalty in asking Crusoe to kill him rather than leave him is more heartfelt than anything Crusoe ever says or does.
Crusoe, on the absolute contrary, seems incapable of deep feelings, as shown by his account of leaving his family—he never shows any emotions. After a moving lecture from Robinson’s father about his future, he still decided to follow his own wandering ambition. Careless was he about the wishes of his parents to keep him alive and prosperous, as he was the only child left in the family. When he came back from the island which he had lived on for twenty eight years, he found that it had been too late to tell his parents that he was still alive, but yet again he did not feel sorry for them; he also did not feel sorry for the two people who had to live in misery for nearly thirty years under the allusion all of their sons were dead. He had the same feelings for his wife: when he was married, he said it was “not either to my disadvantage or dissatisfaction”, implying that it was also neither to his advantage nor his satisfaction. Moreover, after his wife died, Robinson did not think of looking after the three children they had, but went back to the island, which he had lived on for twenty-eight years. It was on this trip which Robinson Crusoe revisited “His Island ” as he called it. I feel that Robinson ’s indifference to his family is almost emotionally cruel.
Before had clearly shown the contrast between Crusoe’s and Friday’s personalities, as when Friday, in his joyful reunion with his father, displayed far more emotion toward his family members than Crusoe, whereas Crusoe never mentions missing his family or dreams about the happiness of seeing them again. I think Defore is very successful in introducing Friday as part of the novel, it makes the whole novel seem much more complete and gripping to the reader, as well as proving that Defoe’s ideology of racism is civilized unlike many other Europeans at that time; natives and savages are not worse than others but can perhaps even be more modern and civilized. Those are the reasons of why I like The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe and Friday.
突然,三只正搬着饭粒的蚂蚁从墙上掉了下来,我不禁担心起蚂蚁的安全。可是,出乎我意料的`是这三只小蚂蚁只是用触角碰了一下,然后晃了晃小脑袋,又向着大部队离去的方向追去。见此情景,我为蚂蚁没受伤而疑惑不解,于是决定做一次实验。
我拿来一根牙签,将两只蚂蚁赶到牙签上,然后举过头顶轻轻一抖,蚂蚁就从牙签上滑了下来。蚂蚁掉到地上后,打了个滚,环顾四周后拼命向前跑去。难道是高度不够?于是,我站在凳子上将蚂蚁扔了下去,我原本以为这两只蚂蚁在这么高的地方肯定会死,但结果还是和第一次一样,两只蚂蚁若无其事地跑了。紧接着,我又增加高度做了两次实验,蚂蚁仍然是毫发无损。这到底是为什么呢?
在一旁观战的爸爸为我解开了这个谜团。原来,当物体从空中落下时,会产生空气的阻力和浮力。阻力和浮力大于物体本身的质量时,就会降低物体下落的速度。由于蚂蚁从高空落下,且体型很小,蚂蚁本身的重量远远小于空气产生的阻力和浮力,蚂蚁几乎是被轻轻地放到地上的,当然就不会被摔死了。听爸爸这一解释,我茅塞顿开。
其实,生活中蕴藏着许多科学道理。只要仔细观察,科学其实就在我们身边。英国科学巨匠牛顿发表的万有引力定律不就是来自观察苹果从树上坠落而产生的灵感吗?
近视,是眼睛看不清远物、却看清近物的症状。在屈光静止的前提下,远处的物体不能在视网膜汇聚,而在视网膜之前形成焦点,因而造成视觉变形,导致远方的物体模糊不清。近视分屈光和轴性两类。其中屈光近视最为严重。屈光近视可达到600度以上,即高度近视。
疾病:相当数量的患者曾患过麻疹、百日咳等传染病,这些患者大多出现眼球膨大,而眼球处于膨大状态时,眼球的屈光度下降,视力减弱。
噪音:有关专家的研究表明,当音响强度在90分贝以上时,眼底视网膜中视杆细胞区别光亮度的敏感性开始下降,识别弱光反应的时间延长,超过45分贝时,40%的人瞳孔散大,达到115分贝时,眼睛对光亮度的适应性下降20%,同时伴有色觉能力削弱。
矿物元素不足:医学研究表明,钙、铬等矿物元素是保证青少年视力正常的一个重要条件,钙元素在维持眼晶体正常压力,铬元素在保持眼睛屈光度等方面都有不可替代的作用。特别要提醒注意的是,加工过细的米、面,会丧失80%的铬元素,故意吃一些粗粮有益于视力健康。
吃甜食太多:甜食为酸性食物,一方面大量消耗体内的钙元素,另一方面升高血糖,改变晶体渗透压,是导致近视眼形成的又一祸根,监督孩子少吃为妙。
5被动吸烟:德国专家发现,烟草中含有一种毒性较强的氰化物,它在人体内积存到一定程度,可造成中毒性弱视。而青少年的眼球正处于发育期,对烟草中的有害物更为敏感。
6睡眠不足:10—13岁是近视眼形成的高峰期。此年龄段的孩子若睡眠不足,交感与副交感神经功能失去平衡,造成眼睫状肌的调节功能紊乱,故保证每晚睡足9—11小时,有保护视力的作用。
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