1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
到那里时已经是中午了。我们吃完午饭便向大海,出发啦!到了大海,我兴高采烈的.换上泳衣,抱起游泳圈到了海边。啊,这是我第一次见到大海。海是那么蓝,那么宽,真是一望无边呀!我迫不及待的冲进海里。一排排浪花迎面而来。就像在迎接我们。忽然,一排浪花冲了过来,而毫无防备的我正好被打了个正着。我一不小心喝了一口海水。呀,海水可真咸就像谁在海里放了盐一样。我跑到沙滩上挖起沙来,挖着挖着沙里居然冒出水来了。这真是一个惊奇的发现。
下一个地方是望海口。在那里,大姑给我买了一条手链,一个笔筒,还有一个化妆盒。我给你们介绍一下我的笔筒吧。它身高约12厘米,图案是用贝壳做的。上面有两个小朋友,一个戴黄帽,一个戴红帽,一个身子是绿色,一个身子是蓝色,旁边还有一朵小花呢!然后我们又来到了饭馆。我们在那里吃的是自助海鲜,我大吃大喝,不一会儿就吃饱了。吃完饭,我们又去了灯塔。灯塔真高呀,真漂亮呀 !我们又在那里看到了海。那时海正在涨潮。那一排排巨浪像凶猛的恶神一样迎面而来。玩了一天我们就去宾馆。那时我已四肢无力,眼睛也睁不开了。洗完澡我便在床上睡觉了,因为我已经很困很困了。
第二天,我从梦乡中醒来。刷牙,洗脸,吃早饭。吃完早饭,我们便向下一个景点;项府,你们没去过吧,那是项羽的故乡。我们参观了项羽雕像,西楚古城门,重瞳宫……不过我最喜欢的是作街坊。因为那里有一场精彩的表演。我喜欢那些大姐姐穿的衣服,她们的上衣有点短,衣服到肚皮上面。下面的裙子好长好长,好漂亮。
参观完这些我们就回去了,这是我最难忘的一次旅行。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
So people call it Mountain City。 In Chong Qing,I went to the Red Stone Center, to see the places which the prisoners lived in the past。 It is a terrible and awful trip。 There are a lot of dogs, and soldiers with guns near the prisons。 And most of the prisons are good, they didn't want to tell the bad people where the other people were。 They lived in very small houses。 No good food to eat, no good water to drink。They had only twenty minutes to stay out side per day but they still said nothing。
I think they are the heros in that century。 I will follow their spirit。
他们迈着坚定的步伐,怀着澎湃的激情展示着六年二班中队的特点:团结奋进,友谊热情,活泼健康,积极向上。灿烂的微笑洋溢着他们的热情;嘹亮的口号显示着他们的激情;饱满的神情体现着他们的实力。
六年二班中队的同学们严于律己,自从开学以来连续四周获得了校红旗班级,没有同学违反校规校纪,在同学和老师们的努力下,班级焕发出了夺目的奇光异彩,走在了六年组的先列。
在才艺方面,他们每个都有特长,在学校组织各种才艺比赛时,同学们犹如蛟龙出海,各显神通,有的画画,有的写书法……在我们班前不久举行的班级朗诵会上,同学们大显神通,让同学老师们耳目一新。有的同学钢琴已达到8级之多;有的同学写作获得过国家级荣誉,有的同学的书画已获得全国小学生龙人杯书画大赛奖……总之,六年二班中队是个多才多艺的班集体。
在卫生方面六年二班中队的同学们更是齐心协力,做值日绝对不留死角,时刻保持教室内的空气清鲜,定时拖地,捡纸屑。在同学们的`爱护和努力之下,让班级窗明几净,一尘不染。
这些方面还不足以说明六年二班中队同学的优秀,在体育方面他们也是各有千秋。 赛场上,男同学们犹如潇洒的雄鹰,雄姿尽展,使班级获得了一次又一次的荣誉。女同学们也不甘示弱,一个个英姿飒爽,犹如蛟龙出海,尽显女儿的英雄本色。就是这样,使六年二班健儿辈出,在校举办的各项体育活动中,同学们个个都如猛虎下山,胸有成竹,胜券在握。
六年二班中队的同学本着“更高、更快、更强”的体育精神,坚定“友谊第一,比赛第二”的信念,在体育场上写下光辉的一页。让六年二班中队的特点与体育的精神相融合,为六年二班中队争得一份荣誉,添一份光彩!
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
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