导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
抬头,夜像是被打翻的墨水瓶,那么地深那么地浓。月亮似是因为娇羞的少女,埋首于黑云中,几丝清冷的月光洒向人间。星星眨巴着水汪汪的大眼睛,似是想与我玩耍,我挥挥手轻轻说了声不,我看见它们生气地隐入云中。回头,眼前是已沉沉沉沉睡去的公寓大楼,人们早已进入梦乡。看者我面前的白炽灯,几只蛾子飞舞着。
那么,我呢?我被捆绑上一个沉重的行囊,背着它们,与无数位武艺高强的人一同攀登那做巍峨的山,那山叫做“第一名”。谁先到达谁就是第一。一不小心,一失足,跌下深渊,万劫不复。大家都卯足全劲,手脚并用一个劲地往上爬。我们的行囊太重了,于是,我们卸下友谊,健康,快乐。这样子,我们只剩冷漠,无情,以及太多的如牛毛作业。
静静的夜色中,我静静地在写作业,时钟静静地在走。我们谁也不影响谁,谁也不吵着谁。
又是新的一天,又是漫天纷飞地责骂。看着那鲜红地分数,红墨水在纸上绽开殷红地涟漪。摔着我地试卷,心碎成一地地琉璃,我静静地扫着,扫进心里阴暗处。我的泪在滑过冰冷地面颊,“啪嗒”,滴在试卷上。黑色地墨水顿时绽开,绽出,绽出一朵黑色地花蕾,可与涟漪媲美。
母亲接过试卷,沉沉地叹了口气,她的鬓角已带雪,脸上褶皱深浅不一,我仿佛看到岁月在母亲脸上刻画地沧桑。我说:“妈,你放心,我一定出人头地。”我握着试卷,数在颤抖,走回房间,无法不大声哭泣。
母亲望女成凤地期盼,如同一把枷锁,磨损我地羽翼。于是,我又一头扎进题海,冰冷的海水刺痛我的肌肤。所有东西沉沉压着我,我带着父母的期盼,向深海里游去。混着冰冷的海水,我动了动嘴唇。
我说:“让我放一天假吧!”
我不想像孩提时似的追逐打闹,那不是我的个性:我不想像美食评论家似的成天坐在饭桌前品尝那些山珍海味,那不是我的乐趣;我也不想像歌唱家那样在金碧辉煌的高雅殿堂中,用标志性的高音演唱那对生命的赞歌,那不是我的追求。但是,我好想读书。
我好想读书。在《中华上下五千年》中,中华民族的悠久历史,感受历代伟人的光辉事迹,传承中华人民的优良传统。在《四大名着》中,为贾宝玉和林黛玉的凄惨爱情故事,而扼腕叹息;为唐憎师徒四人坚定不移的信念,而拍手称好;为水浒三国英雄好汉的豪情万丈而气冲云霄。在《论语心德》中,学习做人之本,交友之则,处事之道。在《鲁迅文集》中,体会在嬉笑怒骂中,挽救国人那麻木不仁的良苦用心。
我好想读书,从《鲁宾逊漂流记》中,学习他在逆境中却永不言弃的坚定意志,学习他那面对各种困难都能够迎刃而解的聪明才智。在《海底两万里中》,感受大自然之奇妙和奥秘,感受人们为征服大自然的勇气和决心。在《海伦?凯勒自传》中,体会莎莉文,体会海伦?凯勒成功背后的艰辛。
我好想读书。不管是“史家之绝唱,无韵之离***”的《史记》,还是“写鬼写孤高人一等,刺贪刺谑入木三分”的《聊斋》。不管是情意绵绵的《徐志摩诗选》还是博爱一切的《冰心诗集》。
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