时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。
事理说明文一般都采用逻辑顺序的'说明顺序。
不能过于空洞,也不能脱离现时,否则就失去了举例的意义。
在论证中,把两种事物(或意思)加以对比,或者是用另一种事物(或意思)来烘托某一种事物(或意思),就是对照式。
运用对照式,目的是通过两个方面的对照,突出说明其中一个方面的正确性,因此。写作中往往是对一个方面用墨多些,做为论述的重点,另一方面却起烘托、陪衬的作用。
雅思考试有条写作指令叫做:Include relevant examples from your own experience. 所以很多考生在考试时都喜欢使用举例法(exemplification。这一扩展方式本身无可厚非,然而在使用时几种例子是不适合的。
文章各层次之间是层层深入、步步推进的.关系,各层的前后顺序有严格要求,不能随意改动,这就是层进式的结构。“提出一个什么问题,接着加以分析,然后综合起来,指明问题的性质,给以解决的办法。”这样的顺序,大致体现了层进式结构的一般思路。
为了使文章富于说服力,又容易被人接受,我们写议论文时常常按照由浅入深、由简单到复杂、由具体到抽象或由抽象到具体,由读者熟悉的到读者不熟悉的顺序展开论述。
此类段落不论字数多少,都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而“不择手段”。表面看来扩展了许多,但仔细永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。
虽然来源于身边社会,但不可让描述方式变的太鸡毛蒜皮,拿不上台面。其实这点非常容易办到,只需要把事件中某一个具体的你,我,他,变成是客观群体,比如说people across the globe, students, they之类的人称即可。
举例的常见表达方式:
for example,/for instance,(后加句子)
Such as/ like (后加词组)
Take... as an example,
A case in point is that......
其次,在举例时还应注意尺度。
1. 应避免使用第一人称和第二人称,为了加强客观性,应将人称写成第三人称。
改正:Those people who raise pets, such as dogs and cats, are more likely to gain happiness and relieve their loneliness.(那些养宠物,例如养猫和养狗的人往往更容易获得快乐并且缓解孤独感)
2. 应避免引用一项调查研究,并同时伴有过多数据。应将数据去掉,用含糊的方法表示。
改正:There is much evidence to show that the number of people smoking has increased at an alarming rate in China. (大量证据表明。。。)
3. 应避免将例子局限在一个国家,尤其是中国。应将范围放至全世界。
改正:Many children around the world like to sit in front of the screen for a long time, leading to their poor eyesight.(在全世界,许多孩子在屏幕前待太久,导致了他们的视力减弱。
“全世界”的表达方式:around the world, all over the world, across the globe
【写作真题】The advocates of international aid believe that countries have a moral obligation to help each other, while the opponents consider it necessary, because money is misspent by the governments that receive it. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
【名师献计】This aid is essential to the homeless and useful in helping recipient countries return to their normal state after major disturbances. For example, with the humanitarian relief obtained worldwide on an annual basis, victims of natural disasters (such as tsunami, drought, flood throughout the world can recover rapidly and rebuild their homeland.
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