1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
有人说:“去北京,不看四合院等于没有到北京;去上海,不看石窟门等于没有到上海。”那么,你如果来到贵州,来到锦绣黔东南,不到有“天下第一侗寨”着称的榕江古榕群走上一趟,你将永远体验不到什么叫返朴归真、回归大自然的感觉……
不是么?
你看,在宽阔的车江大坝上,天刚蒙蒙亮就热闹起来了,公路上车水马龙,人来人往,田里地头到处都是忙碌的人们,他们种上的早熟蔬菜和西瓜,如今已是硕果累累,正有着一批又一批的水果蔬菜商人来这里看货订货,还有一批又一批的农业科技爱好者到这里来参观学习。咱们这里的人以推广实用科技着称,反季节蔬菜种植、果树苗木嫁接技术、西瓜嫁接技术等已被这里的人发挥得淋漓尽致,部分青壮年还被邀请到泰国、缅甸等国家去做技术指导。
你看,那座拔地而起高矗入云的七彩侗家鼓楼,楼高21层。飞檐翘壁,雕梁画栋,远远看去是多么的雄伟壮观。《打年粑》、《纺织》、《爬窗探妹》,《侗族大迁徙》、《行歌坐夜》等等鼓楼壁画,却是那么的栩栩如生。尤其站在那幅生动有趣的行歌坐月图前,仿佛自已已经长成了一个二八妙龄女子,在那皎洁的月光下、跟我的众多姐妹一起坐在鼓楼里面的长廊上,与那些怀抱琵琶肩扛牛腿琴的拉汉(侗家小伙们坐堂对歌,歌声飘出鼓楼,飘向云天外……
你看,小河边、鼓楼旁的那一棵棵高达二十余米、胸围达三米以上的古榕树,郁郁葱葱,树连着树,根连着根的,枝繁叶茂,傲然展撑在河堤上。如同一把把巨大的绿伞,又象一排排守卫边疆的士兵一样守卫着我的家乡。这就是世界上罕见的古榕群。约1公里长的河岸边就有54株百岁以上的榕树,你若见了它,你会情不自禁地向它奔去,想近距离与它交流……在这里还有一个浪漫爱情故事,50年代已拍成电影,名叫《秦娘美》,而这里就是秦娘美的故乡。
你看,在古榕树掩映下的小河,河水清澈见底,河里鱼虾成群,在那清清的河面上,成群的鸭、鹅在悠闲的游来晃去,几位老人在慢慢的划着船,一群玩童正在河里打水仗。河岸边的姑娘妇女们唱着歌在洗菜、洗纱,洗衣服,那些挑着担子正从木板桥上走过来的男人们也情不自禁地吹着口哨对起了歌,一时间棒打衣服的的声音,惊飞鸟儿的叫声,孩儿的嘻笑声,姑娘妇女的歌声,男人的口哨声,此起彼复,构成了一曲曲天籁般的多声部侗族大歌,展现了一幅人与自然和谐相处的美丽画卷……
你再看,白天人们都忙着自已的事去了,寨子里四处静悄悄的,只有巷子深处偶尔传来几声鸡鸣犬吠,空气是那么的清新,一切都是那么的安静详和。寨边的土坪上篱笆旁,几位年长的妇人,正在忙着把冬天纺出来的白白的棉纱,经过土法染过的自家棉布拿出来悬挂晾晒,远远看去黑白相间的一大片十分美丽,成了这里的一道美丽风景。
这就是我的家乡,它是侗语标准音“普通话”的发源地,是天然文化博物馆,这里冬无严寒夏无酷暑,是观光旅游的最好去处。这里住着我国“最善唱歌”的民族——侗族。这里的人家家务农,户户纺纱织布。
来吧,带着你的梦,这里的山美,水美,人更美,这里的姑娘温柔漂亮,这里的小伙热情豪爽。来这里听听歌、尝尝酒。来我的家乡走一走,你会仿佛觉得自已正在翻阅那一部部远古的传说故事……
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
一群憨态可掬的小鸭子在鸭妈妈的带领下摇摇摆摆地漫步在温哥华的街头。有的昂起头望着一望无际的天空“嘎、嘎”地叫着,像在唱着一首欢乐的歌;有的在快乐地奔跑着,发出“啪嗒、啪嗒”的声音,像在跳一段欢快的踢踏舞;有的在整理自己的羽毛,说:“看,我多美丽!”像一位即将登台演出的演员。鸭妈妈不时地回过头来,自豪地看着自己的孩子们,一、二、三……数数共有几只,有没有掉队了。
正当鸭妈妈再一次转过身来数着她这些漫不经心过马路的孩子们时,却发现少了两只,原来,有两只小鸭子失足跌落在路旁的下水道里。鸭宝宝毛毛失声喊着:“妈妈,快救救我们啊。”咪咪吓得脸色发白尖叫着:“这里又脏又臭又呛人,我们快受不了啦。”鸭妈妈急得像热锅上的蚂蚁——团团转。
就在这个危急的时刻,鸭妈妈沉着冷静,突然想起了舍己救人、有难必帮的巡警叔叔。它急速奔向巡警值班的岗亭,冲进岗亭“嘎嘎…嘎嘎…”直叫,向巡警求助。巡警们把鸭妈妈赶到岗亭外,可鸭妈妈急了,它扑打起那羽翼丰满的翅膀向巡警们发出了哀求的声音。巡警们瞪大眼睛似乎听懂了鸭妈妈要说的话,他们知道了鸭妈妈有急事需要求救,于是便紧跟着鸭妈妈来到了“出事地点”。
掉入下水道的两只鸭宝宝正在挣扎着,咪咪和毛毛一会儿沉入水底,一会儿浮出水面,一个劲儿地吐着泡泡,很显然,它们已经体力不济了。其他的鸭宝宝们围成一圈正在不停地鼓励、安慰着它们:“别着急,妈妈一定会有办法的。”“妈妈去找巡警叔叔帮忙,马上就会来救你们的,一定要坚持住。”
巡警们及时赶到了出事地点,只见已经有许多人围在下水道旁,他们不嫌脏不嫌臭试着用各种方法来救小鸭子。这时,刚好一位渔夫挑着鱼篓从路边走过,一位巡警看了看鱼篓,灵机一动,叫住渔夫。他将鱼篓借来,并找来一根绳子,系在鱼篓上,慢慢地放进了下水道。鸭妈妈仿佛看懂了什么,对着鸭宝宝喊道:“快游进鱼篓里,快,快。”于是两只鸭宝宝纷纷游了进去,巡警们将鱼篓轻轻地提起,两只鸭宝宝乖乖地坐在篓里,被救了出来。一位巡警端来一盆清澈的温水,小心翼翼地将鸭宝宝一只一只地放进水里,轻轻地为它们洗去身上的污渍。两只鸭宝宝在脸盆里洗了个澡后,加入了兄弟们的行列。鸭妈妈一一亲吻着巡警们的裤腿,并感激地向巡警们点头致谢。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
它们可以为了取出主人的遗体而葬身火海;它们可以互帮互助以此来扑灭身上的火;它们可以为了自己的孩子而选择牺牲自己;它们还有着强烈的爱幼意志……他们就是一群不一样的骆驼。骆驼,在我的印象里是一种外表高大的沙漠动物,背上的两个驼峰和极能忍饥耐渴就是它们的特点,但是看完杨志军的藏地小说——《骆驼》,我有了不一样的记忆。《骆驼》讲述的是巴丹吉林的骆驼和骆驼客们所发生的故事。
在每一件故事中,骆驼扮演的不是沙漠动物,而是有情有义的“人”。在他们中间会有亲情﹑爱情﹑友情,他们甚至还会做到一些我们都不一定做到的事。母驼香日德的身上有着一种伟大而无私的母爱,她为了救下自己的孩子,面对土匪的枪口她没有犹豫,最终她为了孩子牺牲了。美驼格尔穆为了寻找自己心爱的母驼乌图美仁,日夜不停地奔跑了三天三夜,最终他凭自己的坚持,见到了乌图美仁。最不可思议的是骆驼的友情,在去往拉萨的途中,一批更大的土匪群横在他们面前,但骆驼们有一种朋友的默契,他们分工明确,有保护小骆驼的,也有去攻击敌人的……这不愧是骆驼客的伴侣!真诚善良——是骆驼的本性,他们舍己为人﹑无私奉献﹑不畏辛苦,他们就是我们学习的榜样。在学习和生活中,舍己为人是最需要的。我们不管做什么事,都应该先为他人着想,就像你要用橡皮,别人也要用时,你很渴,别人也想喝水时,我们就都应该舍己为人。
“只要人人都献出一点爱,世界将变成美好人间。”这就是奉献力量。其实奉献很简单。奉献一点空闲的\'时间给学习有困难的同学;奉献一双手给要过马路的盲人;奉献一个饮料瓶给捡瓶子的老人……不畏辛苦对我们每一个人都很重要。辛苦是付出的征兆,只要我们不怕辛苦,不停付出,我们就一定会有收获,就像美驼格尔穆不辞辛苦地寻找乌图美仁,他最终不也如愿了吗?
如果我们每一个人都有骆驼一样的秉性,世界就真成美好人间了!这是一群不一样的骆驼,他们和一些人一样高尚!虽然他们最后被逼跳崖,但他们凄美的故事,永远在我的脑海,他们的精神,影响着我。
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