春天,柳树发芽,小燕子从南方飞回老家。一天傍晚,一只小燕子想飞下去寻食,它就飞下去了。
小燕子在寻食时,还一边吱吱喳喳地叫着,这一切都被一只凶恶的黑猫看见了,老猫想把小燕子当一顿美餐。正在这危急的时刻,海红正好放学回来了,看见这般情景,就连忙捡起一根小树杈,朝老猫打去,老猫被赶走了。
小燕子得救了,海红心里多高兴啊!他小心地把燕子给爸爸放回窝里。
在我这里,见得敢多的鸟就是麻雀。无论春夏秋冬,都可以看到它的身影。
麻雀喜欢停在在电线杆上,一双红色的小爪子紧紧地抓住电线杆。它的颜色不太好看。从头上到尾部的羽毛全是谈黑色的,背部也一样。腹部的羽毛像谈灰色的衬衫。它小巧玲珑,一双明亮灵活的眼睛下面,长着一张又小又长的嘴。麻雀鸣声清脆,爱把巢搭在屋檐下。
虽然它的样子不好看,但它是一个捉害虫的能手,农民伯伯很喜欢它。我爱样子丑而勤劳的麻雀。
由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变的,比如:说明早锻炼的好处,介绍猫的`胡子的功能,解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等,是不受时间和空间影响的。因此,尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求,会在个别地方采用其他时态,英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时。下面这篇由香港学生写的充分反映了说明文的这一特点。
The Way to Achieve Success
Many successful people say that they owe much of their success to the cultivation (培养) of certain good habits in early life. In forming good habits, I think we should pay attention to four things, that is, honesty, industry (勤勉), enthusiasm (热情), and thrift (节俭)。
“Honesty is the best policy”。 This is a proverb to which we must pay attention. There are so many temptations (诱惑) in society that through a little carelessness we may go astray (走入歧途)。 But when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to us.
Industry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. To do nothing is to ruin oneself.
Enthusiasm is a great force. One's soul will expand if one devotes (贡献) oneself to a noble cause. The difficulties in our way are tremendous (巨大的), but what can we not accomplish (取得), if with enthusiasm?
There are many proverbs which set forth (陈述) the advantages (好处) of thrift. Since we live in a world where money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save part of our earnings for future use.
These are the four things to which we must pay attention. It is only in this way that we can achieve success.
由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉,比如:
(1)I think that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
(2)It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing.
相比之下,例(2)的语言要比例(1)的语言客观一些,容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动:
(3)Getting up late is not always a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
引进著名人士作为信息的来源,可以使想要说明的内容更具有说服力。如果我们将例(3)中的always再改为necessarily,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接受:
(4)Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.
在英语中,采用被动语态,引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,增加客观性,从而为读者接受的重要语言手段
一、简洁性。说明文的遣词造句,应简洁平实、通俗易懂。
二、准确性。说明文以传授知识为目的,这就要求它必须用准确的语言。如实地反映事物的特征、本质、规律。说明文的语言的准确性是说明文语言的先决条件。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等,都要求准确无误。
三、科学性。介绍科学知识的说明文.要特别注重科学术语的准确使用。
四、严密性。为了使读者对较复杂的事物、较深奥的事理有明晰确切的理解,说明文常常恰当地使用修饰和限制词语,讲究语言的周到严密。
五、条理性。任何事物都具有它本身的\'条理,我们说明事物就要按照它本身的条理来安排说明顺序,使之眉目清楚,有条不紊。
六、逻辑性。有的说明文,要从事物的内在联系上进行说明,语言逻辑性强。
七、趣味性。元大鹰先生说:“说明文不一定就是板起面孔来说话。说明文未尝不可带一点风趣。”为了把事物的特点说得更加生动形象,增强文章的启发性和感染力,说明文要适当地采用生动的说明。
记叙文的主要特点是以记叙为主,采取综合表达的方法,包括记叙中的描写.记叙中的说明.记叙中的议论和抒情等。
记叙的要素
记叙的要素包括时间.地点.人物和事件的原因.经过和结果。
记叙的顺序
记叙的顺序有三种:顺叙.倒叙和插叙 。
记叙文的线索
(1 以时间为线索. (2 以事件为线索.
(3 以某物为线索. (4 以某人为线索.
(5 以见闻为线索. (6 以地点的转换为线索.
(7 以感情为线索.
记叙文的分类:
从写作内容与方式看,可分为两类:简单的记叙文和复杂的.记叙文。
从写作对象的不同,可分为四类:
1.写人的记叙文。不一定有完整的故事,但一定要有集中的人物。
2.叙事的记叙文。不一定有集中的人物,但一定要有完整的事件。(记事的六要素一定要交代清楚:时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)
3.写景的记叙文(即散文。观察逼真、绘景绚丽、语言优美。
4、状物的记叙文:没有完整的事件和集中的人物。但是它们知识性强,内容新鲜,描写生动,富有儿童情趣
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的`变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think …
I hope…
He does it.
He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time. (原因
比较:He is very much determined. He will carry it out this time.
2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.
比较:The weather is fine. A large number of people went sightseeing.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
比较:Africa is the second largest continent. Its size is about three times that of China.
3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question. (莎士比亚
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申
To do it well, you must plan it well.
比较:You want to do it well. And you must plan it well.
4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.
比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.
No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.
比较:He arrived home. And it began to rain.
5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.
比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.
That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.
当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.
●Actions speak louder than words.
●Practice makes perfect.
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