1、说明的特点:
说明性、知识性、科学性。
2、说明的顺序:
时间顺序、空间顺序(即按照具体事物的空间位置进行说明、逻辑顺序(即对事物从原因到结果,或从现象到本质,或从特点到用途,或从主要到次要,或从概括到具体等进行说明。
3、说明的方法:
(1下定义
(2作诠释,用通俗的语言对事物或整理的解释说明。
(3分类别,将说明的事物按一定的标准划分成不同类别,一类一类的予以说明。
(4举例子
(5列数字
(6作比较
(7打比方,是通过比喻来说明。
(8摹状貌,借描述事物发展变化的情形和活动过程来说明事物的特征。
(9引用
(10列图表,包括插图和表格两种。
4、说明文的结构:
(1总分式,包括总分总、总分、分总;(2并列式;(3递进式。
归纳论点的方法:
1、标题
2、文章开头
3、结尾
4、中间:
①通过归纳总结论据的共同点来推断出论点
②总结性的词体现中心论点的句子(例如:由此可见;我认为;总之……)
③先找出文章的论题,然后依据论题在文中找出反复出现的\'类似的论断性的话,合并同类项,最后归纳。
注意:归纳论点的句子必须是完整而鲜明的肯定性的论断的句子。
特点一:准确性。
类型1、加点字词有何作用
对策:答:准确/生动形象/地说明了某事物的某特征/事理。
类型2、能否替换为另一个词语并说明理由。
对策:答:(1)不可以。(2)原词的意思或内容。(3)所换词语的意思或内容。(4)换了后意思有何改变,与不符合实际。
类型3、限制性词语能否删去
对策:答:(1)表态(删还是不删)。
(2)定性。如:“比较”“几乎”“相当”等词表程度修辞;“大约”“可能”“左右”等表估计,“多”“有余”等表数量。
(3)体会词语在句中的作用。
(4)若删去,原句变成了什么样的意思了,不符合实际,太绝对了。
(5)xx词体现了语言的准确性、科学性。
特点二:生动性。
主要体现在形容词、动词和比喻、拟人等修辞方法的运用。
作用:形象生动地说明特点,是说明内容浅显易懂,增强文章趣味性、可读性。
1、基本要求:准确性。
涉及词语类型:
①表程度、范围或推测、估量、肯定强调语气的副词和数量词。如:“目前”“大约”“也许”“可能”“一定”“必须”“之一”等
②表数量的词。如:“左右”“上下”“不少”“绝大多数”“至少”“不下于”等
③“据说”、“相传”、“据介绍”等一些短语,表示材料来源的不确定性
2、语言风格:在准确性的前提下“平实”(大多数说明文“生动”(多用比喻、拟人的修辞手法或生动描写
3、题型及答题模式:
考题题型举例
A:问某词或短语能否删去,说明理由
答题思路:①判定“不能删”;②简单释义该词;③结合原文句意具体分析说明;④去掉后语义变化为××,不符合实际;⑤归结到“这里体现了说明语言的准确性”上
B:问某词或短语的作用或表达效果
答题思路:该词说明了说明对象的××特点或××事理,体现了说明语言的准确性题型
C:说说文章语言特色
答题要点:抓核心词“生动”,关注比喻,拟人的修辞手法,增添趣味性,激发阅读兴趣,富有文采,增强表现力。
D:自主寻找体现语言准确的词并简析
答题要点:①选例要典型②答题模式同题型A
举例论证(事例论证)、引用论证(道理论证)、比喻论证、 对比论证(正反对比论证)。
1、例证法(摆事实):具体典型而且充分地证明了某一论点。
2、引证法(讲道理):引用了什么论证了某一论点,使论证具有说服力。
3、喻证法(讲道理):形象生动地阐述了某一论点,使说理更通俗易懂。
4、对比法(讲道理):通过对比,突出强调了某一论点,使说理更鲜明。
练习一
1.Wedoourhomeworkeveryevening.(改为否定句)
We_________________ourhomeworkeveryevening.对划线部分提问
________________dotheyhaveaclassmeeting?
3.Shecouldhardlyunderstandthispassage.(改为反意疑问句
Shecouldhardlyunderstandthispassage,___________________?
4.Themanagertoldhimhowtogetusefulinformation.(改为否定句
Themanager__________________himhowtogetusefulinformation.
5.Tom’ssistercanspeakEnglishandJapaneseverywell.(改为反意疑问句
Tom’ssistercanspeakEnglishandJapaneseverywell,__________________?
对划线部分提问
__________________helivetwentyyearsago?
7.Samdoessomecleaninginthemorning.(改为否定句
Sam_________do_________cleaninginthemorning.
对划线部分提问
__________________havethestudentsworkedonthesurvey?
9.Yourfatherusedtorideabike.(改成反意问句)
Yourfatherusedtorideabike,_______________?(对划线提问)
_____________________thepopulationofGermany?
11.Mr.Wangwasheshiscaronceamonth.(改为一般疑问句)
Mr.Wang(对划线部分提问
willSusancomebackfromAthens?
13.MyfriendslosttheirwaywhentheyweretravelinginHongKong.(改为一般疑问句
________yourfriends________theirwaywhentheyweretravelinginHongKong?
14.对划线部分提问
________________hasYaoMingbeenintheRocketTeam?
15.Sheputthedigitalcameraonthebedjustnow.(改为否定句
She__________________thedigitalcameraonthebedjustnow.
16.Mark'sflowntoHainanIslandforwinterholidays.(改为反意疑问句
Mark'sflowntoHainanIslandforwinterholidays,__________________?
(专辑.(划线部分提问
_________didSuperGirlZhouBichang_________toVienna?
18.I’vealreadysavedenoughmoneytobuyanewcar.(改为否定句
I________savedenoughmoneytobuyacar________.
19.Lilyusedtohavelongstraighthair.(改为反意疑问句
Lilyusedtohavelongstraighthair,________________?
20.Hehasalreadybeenthere.(改为一般疑问句
__________hebeenthere__________?
21.Theydecidedthattheywouldn'thavethepicnicbecauseofthebadweather.(改为简单句
Theydecided___________________havethepicnicbecauseofthebad
weather.
22.TheEnglishpeoplehardlyevershakehandsbetweenthestrangers.(改为反意疑问句
TheEnglishpeoplehardlyevershakehandsbetweenthestrangers,____________________?
23.Theygrewsomesunflowersintheirgardenlastyear.(改为否定句)
They____________________anysunflowersintheirgardenlastyear.
24.Janedrinksmilkeverymorning.(改为一般疑问句)
_________Jane___________milkeverymorning?(就划线部分提问)
___________map___________toClass4?
26.Youcanchooseonlyoneofthetwo:amini-TVoraDVDplayer.(改为选择疑问句
youwantamini-TVaDVDplayer?
27.Thatdetectivefilmissoamazing.(改为感叹句)
______________________amazingdetectivefilm!
28.Hehassomemoneyleft.(改成否定句)
Hemoneyleft.
29.(划线部分提问)
dothemembersofthefilmsocietymeet?
30.Hismotherknewwhythelittleboywasunhappyallday.(改为一般疑问句
_______hismother_______whytheboywasunhappyallday?
31.Helooksveryfunnywiththathaton.(改为感叹句
______________helookswiththathaton!.对划线部分提问
______________theybuildthisfactory?
33.Ihavealreadyfinishedthetestpaper.(改为否定句)
I________finishedthetestpaper________.
34.Johnsondeniedcheatinginthecompetition.(改为反意疑问句)
Johnsondeniedcheatinginthecompetition,________________?(对划线部分提问)________________thestoryneedtobefunny?
36.Samdoessomecleaninginthemorning.(改为否定句
Sam_________do_________cleaninginthemorning.
对划线部分提问__________________havethestudentsworkedonthesurvey?
38.(对划线部分提问)__________________hashebeenatopfashiondesigner?
39.对划线部分提问
________________willtheymoveintothenewschool?
40.togotothePeople’sSquarebyunderground.(对划线部分提问
_______________didittakeyoutogotothePeople’sSquarebyunderground?
练习二:
1.Goldislessvaluablethandiamond.(保持句意不变
Goldis________________valuableasdiamond.
2.HetoldthechildrentogoandwatchhistankofGhostfish.(改为被动语态Thechildren________________togoandwatchhistankofGhostfish.
3.UnlessIhaveaquietroom,Icannotdoanywork.(保持句意不变)
Icannotdoanywork________I_________haveaquietroom.
4.Themanagerarrivedhereafewminutesago.(保持句意不变)
Themanagerhas_________here________afewminutes.
5.TheywillsendhimtoworkinJapanforoneyear.(改为被动语态
Hewill_________________toworkinJapanforoneyear.
6.Thewordsonthenoticeboardareverysmall.Ican’tseethemclearly.(保持句子原意
ThewordsonthenoticeboardaresmallIcan’tseethem
clearly.
7.Wecansolvetheproblemswiththehelpoftheteacher.(改为被动语态Theproblemscan__________________withthehelpoftheteacher.
8.Wecan’tfinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.(保持原句意思
It’s__________________ustofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.
9.Wemustkeepthenoiseunder50dbs.(分贝(改成被动语态)
Thenoisemust_______________under50dbshere.
10.Mikedoesn’tlikeclassicalmusic.Billydoesn’teither.(合并成一句)_________MikenorBilly__________classicalmusic.
11.Theroomissodirtythatwecan’tliveinit.(保持句意不变)
Theroomisn’t___________________forustolivein.
12.Nooneknowswhenwewillstarttomorrow.(保持原句意思)
Nooneknowsstarttomorrow.
13.TheSmithswillinvitetheprofessortotakepartintheparty.(改成被动语态totakepartinthepartybytheSmiths.
14.Ifyouarenotbrave,you’llloseyourlastchance.(保持原句意思)
youare’llloseyourlastchance.
15.Theystoremuchinformationinthecomputer.(改成被动语态
Muchinformation________________inthecomputer.
16.Don’tthrowrubbishhereandthere.Ourteachersaidtous.(合并为一句
Ourteachertoldus________________throwrubbishhereandthere.
17.IfJohndoesn’tapologizeforwhathedid,Iwilltelltheteacherabouthisbadbehavior.(保持原句意思)
_______John_______forwhathedid,Iwilltelltheteacherabouthisbadbehavior.
18.Idon'tknowwherewecangrowvegetablesinthecity.(改为简单句Idon'tknow__________________growvegetablesinthecity.
19.PeopleusedtoenjoythemselveschattingonMSNwhenitworkedwell.(保持句意基本不变
Peopleusedto_________alotof_________chattingonMSNwhenitworkedwell.
20.Ifyoudon’timproveyourhandwriting,youwilllosemarksintheexam.(合成同义句
Youwilllosemarksintheexam________you________yourhandwriting.
21.Togofishingisfun.(句意不变)
_____isfun___________fishing.
22.Dickwassoshortthathecouldn’ttouchthetopofthebookshelf.(保持句意基本不变)
Dickwasn’t____________________toreachthetopofthebookshelf.
23.“CanIborrowyourbikeforawhileornot?”(保持句意基本不变)
Tomaskedhissister__________he__________borrowherbikeornotforawhile.
24.Thecouplecouldn’tdecidewhichflattheyshouldchooseatfirst.(保持原句意思)
Thecouplecouldn’tdecidewhichflatatfirst.
25.Meaninglessinformationisdifficultforthelittleboytoremember.(保持原句意思)
isdifficultforthelittleboyremembermeaninglessinformation.
26.Peoplethrowawaymillionsofplasticbagsinourcityeveryday.(改成被动语态)
Millionsofplasticbagsawayinourcity.
27.Shewassocarelessthatshecouldn’tfindthemistakesinhertestpaper.(保持句意基本不变
Shewas______________tofindthemistakesinhertestpaper.
28.WewillholdthenextOlympicGamesinBeijingin2008.(改为被动语态)
ThenextOlympicGameswill______________inBeijingin2008.
29.Theelderlymanpushedthebirdsintotheriver.(改为被动语态)
Thebirds________________intotheriverbytheelderlyman.
30.Dolphinsaresocleverthattheycanfollowtheinstructions.(保持句意基本不变)Dolphinsare________________tofollowtheinstructions.
31.Wecan’tfinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.(保持原句意思
It’s__________________ustofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.
32.TheyinvitedtheastronautandhiswifetothepartyonChristmasEve.(改为被动语态
Theastronautandhiswife__________________tothepartyonChristmasEve.
33.Thelittlegirldidn’tgotobedunlessthegrandmothertoldherastory.(保持句意基本不变
Thelittlegirldidn’tgotobed_________thegrandmother_________tellherastory.
34.Theplaneissobigthatitcancarry300passengersatonetime.(改为简单句)
Theplaneisbig__________________carry300passengersatonetime.
35.Didtheyknowtheanswertothequestion?Ididn’tknow…(合并为一句Ididn’tknow________theyhad________theanswertothequestion.
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