四级作文如何判断是否跑题【一】
说明文的定义：说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。
说明文的顺序：常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。说明的时间顺序和记叙的时间顺序相似。空间顺序，要特别注意弄清空间的位置，注意事物的表里、大小、上下、前后、左右、东南西北等的位置和方向。逻辑顺序，常以推理过程来表现。采用什么顺序，主要取决于作者所说明对象的特点。
说明文的方法：举例子、作比较、下定义、列图表、诠释法（又称作诠释）、打比方、摹状貌、引用、分类别、列数字等。
说明文的内容：按照不同的标准，说明文可分不同的类别：依据说明对象与说明目的的不同，把说明文分为事物说明文和事理说明文两大类。根据说明语言的`不同特色，表达方式的使用情况的不同，把说明文分为平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的说明文又叫文艺性说明文。文艺性说明文是通过文艺的形式介绍科学知识的说明文。
说明文虽是以说明为主要表达方式的一类文种，但若没有其他表达方式（如叙述、议论、描写等）的恰当配合，则无法圆满地完成向读者介绍事物、解释事理的任务；而从学习写作说明文的角度讲，如果能确切了解表达方式的综合运用在说明文中的重要作用，注意准确使用叙述、议论等方式来辅助说明，说明文就能写得有声有色，文采斐然。
说明文的特点是“说”，而且具有一定的知识性。这种知识，或者来自有关科学研究资料，或者是亲身实践、调查、考察的所得，都具有严格的科学性。为了要把事物说明白，就必须把握事物的特征，进而揭示出事物的本质属性，即不仅要说明“是什么”，还要说明“为什么”。应用性说明文一般只要求说明事物的特征，阐述性说明文则必须揭示出问题的本源和实质。说明文的结构：连贯式、总分式、并列式、递进式、对照式（结构包括段落）。一篇完整的说明文常常是几种结构综合运用的。
四级作文如何判断是否跑题【二】
什么是最重要的事情？不同的人会给出不同的答案。但不管你选择什么，都应该为之付出不懈的努力与拼搏，都应该为自己的未来负责。中年时的乔布斯在遭遇挫折后去了印度，并在那里接受了洗礼，在他看来，调整心态远比硬撑下去工作更重要，他做了正确的选择并在之后重新站上了事业的巅峰。
每个人都有权利去做自己认为重要的事情，但别忘了社会的良心与责任。当大红大紫的明星三番五次代言假冒伪劣商品时，当一些名人利用地震灾难进行自我宣传时，不知他们有没有扪心自问：“金钱、名声与对社会的责任哪个更重要？是不是为了追求自己认为重要的事情而践踏了做人的底线？”的确，判断什么事情重要需要一双慧眼，但对“重要”一词的认识却有高低，怎样看待“重要”取决于个人的胸次与怀抱。
有时，“重要的事情”并不是唯一的，某一阶段会有几件重要的事情。对学生来说，努力学习知识并取得优异的成绩当然是最重要的事情，但这并非是唯一重要的事情，培养个人的能力与养成正确的人生观同样至关重要，倘若两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书，就如同坐井观天的青蛙，只能欣赏有限的`风景了。因此，适当参加有益的社会实践活动，既调节了身心，又培养了能力，何乐而不为呢？学习诚重要，能力亦重要，这样把当前的几样重要事情一起做，正反映了当代青年开阔的胸襟与视野。
“重要的事情”也不是一成不变的，即便是同一个人，不同的时期“重要的事情”也会发生变化，而这种及时的转换也尽显一个人的智慧与胸怀。“回首向来萧瑟处，归去，也无风雨也无晴”，这是东坡居士的豁达，政治的风雨将他一贬再贬，但泯灭不了东坡的乐观心态。他明白居庙堂之高，重要的是忧民济穷，遭遇贬谪，重要的是保全身心。不同的人生时期知道最重要的事情是什么，及时转换心态，轻挥衣袖，即或苦难也是歌。好一种智慧与大度！
世界上重要的事情很多，时时需要我们用智慧的眼睛去判断，如果我们尽自己的努力做完了一件件对社会有益的重要事情，那么，我们就做完了许多世界上重要的事情，我们的人生必定充实而美丽。
四级作文如何判断是否跑题【三】
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先，提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段：提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段：正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段：摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次，提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性，连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity：段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛，也不可太具体，做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明，另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence：关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰，层层展开。
完整性(completeness：以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头，这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次，提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型：It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单，注意练习并接句的使用，会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as，如：
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头，句式简单，我们可以通过把since提前改变句式，如：
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后，提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法：millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论，辩论”的意思，而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.，相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略：使用最近所学的单词，如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后，我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文，以供参考：
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
