好的文章,总是既重视思想与文采,又重视结构的匀称和谐。结尾如果能巧妙照应开头,一呼一应,首尾圆合,便能使文章读来气韵流畅,既能体现视觉上的和谐对称,又能体现思维上的起承转合。可直击标题,点题点旨,使文题有落脚之处,也可照应论据,一材多用,让所用论据充分燃烧。
【示例】
①生活就是供给与需求的一种平衡关系,尽管在很多人的生活当中,并不平衡,但这毕竟只是一种趋近于平衡的一种趋势。通过这些看似毫无意义的简单分析,我们其实不妨用经济学的眼光来看待我们的整个生活,其意义可想而知。(四川考生《过一个平衡的生活》)
②还是那句话,手机像魔鬼,千万莫沉迷;千万别让我们的生活,被手机所操控;千万不要让我们的灵魂,沦为手机的奴隶。(北京考生《手机像魔鬼,千万莫沉迷》)
③莱特兄弟、***、迈克尔……他们的故事昭示着这样一个真理:满怀憧憬,让心中的梦想播种;翘首企盼,让梦想的种子发芽;辛勤浇灌,梦想之花就会绚丽斑斓。(湖南考生《梦想在开花》)
【点评】例①文章开头提出“生活是什么?”这一论题,结尾与开头呼应,结合材料对这一论题作了个性化的解读。例②结尾直击标题,并提出“不要让我们的灵魂沦为手机的奴隶”这一宏旨,警策人心。例③从人要有梦想生发开去,运用三个因为梦想而成就精彩人生的经典事例,结尾回扣前面的论据,点明中心,结构谨严。
双关是利用语义或语音上的条件,有意使语句同时兼有两种意思,恰当的使用双关,既可以使语言风趣幽默,又可以适应某种特殊语境的需要,使语言表达含蓄曲折、生动活泼,以增强文章的表现力。
示例
《北京 “风”情》
《生命“诚”可贵》
《减负不能随意减“副”》
议论文要在全篇彰显文采,难度较大,稍微处理不当,就可能将议论文写成了抒情散文,背离了文体规范。但是在结尾处有意识地借助某种修辞手法,亮一亮自己的闪光点,在文末给读者留下文采飞扬的印象,展示自己深厚的阅读积淀及开阔的备考视野,不失为一个好的选择。或以比喻、排比、拟人、设问、反问、对偶等作结,或引经据典,借精彩助阵,创造自我的精彩,或引用流行歌词作结,收束如歌,旋律悠长。
【示例】
①多宽容一点,发生在你身上的是非就会少一些;多宽容一点,你的内心将更加的宁静;多宽容一点,人生路上的风景你看到的就会不一样。(黑龙江考生《宽容,一生的原则》)
②心态平衡,则生活平衡;生活平衡,则人生幸福;人生幸福,则永无大憾。(四川考生《平衡人生》)
③信念让沙石熬过蚌肉的蹂躏,蜕变成璀璨的珍珠;信念让天空忍住暴风雨的阴霾,奉献了迷人的彩虹;信念让花种不惧严寒的摧残,书写出春天的芬芳;信念让你我不惧艰难,不断前行,乐享人生的精彩。(湖南考生《精彩人生要坚守信念》)
④是呵,蝶失不是偶然。我们何时才能如梭罗一般,坐在时间的溪水里垂钓天上的星星,看大地寒来暑往,四季消长分明;看种子播撒信念,古树支起苍穹?(江苏考生《蝶失》)
⑤诗曰:咬定青山不放松,立根原在破岩中。(千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风。(福建考生《把根留住》)
⑥司汤达说:“我从地狱来,要到天堂去,正路过人间。”人间风云变幻,世事无常。然而,风物长宜放眼量,只要无愧于内心,一生,安矣!叩问心灵,“我愿意”!(湖南考生《叩问心灵》)
⑦很喜欢陆放翁一句词:“沙鸥相对不惊飞。”这固然是说人要少机心,但人若能对环境毫无机心,不事窥看,自然想必也可与人安然相对不惊飞了。(江苏考生《安然相对不惊飞》)
⑧我很喜欢一段诗,如今只依稀记得最后一段了:少年/让阳光照进你/你要明媚的笑/等我满身风雨后/回来认取。勿忘初心,且行且珍惜。(浙江考生《勿忘初心》)
【点评】例①运用排比,富有气势;例②运用顶针,回环往复;例③运用拟人,生动形象;例④运用反问,引人深思。例⑤——⑧都直接引用或化用诗文名句,借精彩来助阵,达成了自我的精彩,显示出高超的语言驾驭能力,在显眼处巧妙地向阅卷老师展示自己丰厚的阅读积淀,具有较强的视觉冲击力。
说明顺序主要有三种:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。在写作说明文时,往往以一种顺序为主,当然在具体运用的时候,有时出现了说明顺序的并用与交叉的现象。如《向沙漠进军》,介绍综合治理沙漠采用了逻辑顺序,而在说明如何抵御风沙袭击、沙丘进攻的方法时,又采用了空间顺序(高→低。
合理地安排说明顺序,一要考虑所说明的事物的结构特点和事理的内在逻辑关系;二要考虑人们认识事物的一般顺序;三要考虑说明的中心与材料的关系。
(1如果是说明事物发展变化的进程的,就采用“时间”顺序,可由古及今或由今溯古。如《从甲骨文到缩放图书》
(2如果是解说事物的方位、形貌特征的,就采用“空间”顺序。可由近及远,由远及近,由左往右,由南向北,由低至高等。《人民英雄纪念碑》
(3如果为了阐明某些操作过程,就以“程序”为序,即按操作行为的先后标明序号逐一加以解说,便于读者按部就班,准确无误地进行操作。如一些家用电器的说明书。
(4若说明的目的是阐释事理,就要采用“逻辑”顺序:一般按因果、主次关系来安排顺序。如《日本平家蟹》
说明文语言的准确性是说明事物的先决条件。表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、性质、程序等,都要求准确无误。
说明文语言准确,并非一定得用确数,也可以用约数。比如“大约”“左右”“可能”“估计”,这些也同样能体现说明语言的准确性。
说明文的语言在准确的前提下,语言风格既可平平实实,也可生动活泼。如,写作时采用比喻、拟人、对话、自述、讲故事等说明方法都可增强说明语言的生动性。
拨开云雾终见日,我们只要掌握说明文的写作要领,就一定能写出优秀的说明文的。
aboutasto
getacquire(knowledge/skills
offerafford(jobopportunities
expectanticipatechanges/difficulities
solvetackle/grapplewith
raiseelevate/heighten
mostimportantoverriding/override
combinesynthesize
supportuphold(ournationalvalues
deepen
weak
usetoomuch
becauseof
satisfy
learn
finally
right
know
miss
dotogether
boring
balance
difference
prettybutlessuseful
fresh
happenagain
good
difficult
perfect
urgent
sad
many/toomuch
fast-growing
maketrue
should
control
broadenone’shorizon
spendAonB
AisimportanttoB
finishsthby
decidetodo
sthisimportant
finditdifficulttodofuelvfuelconflictssap/one’sconfidencestretchnaturalresourcestothelimitattributeto/ascribetomeet/begearedtoward+sthdrawonothers’experienceendupdoing/endwithmakesensenaildownpassuppitchinsitthroughequilibriumecologicalequilibriumdistinctionnicetiesnoveltyrecurringpaindesirableundesirable:notgoodchallengingflawlesspressingbittermounting/awealthofburgeoningpopulationfulfillbesupposetoholdfasttoone’sdreamexpandone’soutlookdedicateAtoBAbeanessentialingredientof/bepartandparcelof/bethecornerstoneofBexploreeveryavenuetowardmakeitapointtodobeamilepostinbehard-pressedtodo/haveahardtimedoingsth
conflictbeatoddswith
few/littleverylittle,ifany
opposefrownon
befullofbeinundated/saturatedwith
todoharmtobelikelytofallpreyto/bevulnerableto
concerncausegraveconcern/concernshavearisenabout
meanspelldisaster/troublefor
makesthsthAhasrenderBsth
tootosthhasreachedsuchproportionthat/…tothepointwhere…mostimportantmorethananything,/andaboveall
growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames
seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective
thinksthmostimportantit’shardtooverstatethesignificanceofneedsthnecessitate/entail
bedevotedtobebenton/upon
showmirror/embody
differentthewholespectrumof
turningpointbeawatershed
accordingtointheeyesof
affecthinder
ageera
aimtargetv
andalongwith/aswellas
andsoonthelike
appearmushroom/springup/sproutup
applyputintopractice
askconsult
aspectsphere
attachenclose
attracttempt/appealto
audienceviewer
basisfoundation
beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
becauseofdueto
becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
beforeoriginal
buildfound/putup/shape
buyafford
byoneselfallalone
carefulattentive
causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
cheatingdeception
choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
comeoutcomeforth
complainplaceacomplaintagainst
considerconvince/figureout/givethoughtto
consider…..importantattachimportanceto/laymuchemphasisuponcontinuegoahead
controlinthegripsof
cooperatejoinhandswith
decidedetermine
deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
developcultivate/buildup
difficultybarrier
diligentindustrious
dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
eatlessgoonadiet
emphasisputahighvalueon/treasurev/valuev/cherishv
enablefacilitate
encouragespursbonto/motivate
endangerjeopardize
enforcestrengthen
engagemajorin
enjoybecrazyabout
enlargebroaden
enoughadequate
evaluatespeakhighlyof
explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
fixinginstallation
focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
greatenormous/dramatic
greatprime/utmost
greetingsregards
growflourish
happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
ignoreneglect
illnessdisease
importantessential/vita
improveenhance/boost/upgrade
improvementadvance
ingroupsintwosandthrees
includemakeup
increasesoar
influencemold
intendtargettodosth./bemeanttodointerestedcrazy
interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
likepreference
limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
nothesitatefeelfreetodosth
notknowbeignorantof
number
obvious
occupation
offer
only
outcome
overcome
pass
payattentionto
people
perform
period
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