1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
今天,是我们班主任老师的生日,昨天,我们已经全体捐款,为班主任老师捐齐了买蛋糕的费用。
中午,我们派出几名队员出校门去买蛋糕。半个小时过去了,蛋糕也买来了,我们把蛋糕放在讲台上。上课铃响了,我们静静地等侯着老师的到来。老师来了!她打开门,在进来的一刹那,她惊呆了。我们开始唱生日割。唱完后,老师竟然板着脸问我们谁是“领头羊”,是谁去买的蛋糕。我们都慌了,以为是犯了错,谁知后来老师话锋一转,说:“刚刚我在门口就知道你们要给我惊喜,所以很感动,很谢谢你们能够给我买蛋糕。”听完这段话,我激动地热泪盈眶。接着,老师笑着开始分蛋糕。
“啊,真好吃!”同学们边吃边说。我觉得就像在吃蜜一样,嘴里甜,心里更甜!
还有几个同学为年级的其他老师送去了蛋糕,让其他老师共同分享。
今天,我真开心,让老师过了一次最有意思的生日,看到老师高兴,我们心里更是高兴。
不知不觉一节课就这样过去了,我真是从来都没有这样高兴过!
在人生的道路上,我留下了一个又一个脚印。回忆往昔,有一个脚步十分坚定,我的人生因它而改变。
当我五岁的时候,爸爸受到他的老朋友的邀请,带着我去杭州游玩。我们坐大巴来到艮山门,老爸说我们的目的地在西湖,我们要走着去。
我犹如遭了晴天霹雳,心想:走着去?这路有多长啊!等我们走到,岂不得累死啊?我使尽种种招数,极力想要避免这场悲剧,与此同时,老爸坚定地迈开了脚步。我束手无策,只得跟着他走去。没过多久,我便累倒在路边的行道树下。爸爸蹲下来教育我:“人生就是一场耐力的较量,可以比作是马拉松,只有坚持才能获得胜利。累倒了并不要紧,坚持一小步,迟早能迈出一大步。”他捏了捏我通红的脸蛋。
我听了这番话,点了点头。我站起来,看着前方的道路。太阳洒下金黄的光辉,铺满了整一条路。小树在微风中摇曳,树叶摩挲发出声音,似乎在为我鼓掌。我深深地吸了一口气,提起瘦弱的右腿,向前张开,迈过树荫,坚定地踏了下去。左腿也跟上来,又是一步……下午,我们成功抵达了目的地。
在人生的道路上,我终于迈出了这一步,这一步虽小,却迈过了软弱;这一步虽小,却迈过了困难;这一步虽小,却让我收获了坚持就是胜利的真理;这一步虽小,却改变了我的人生。
此后,每每遇到了困难,我总会想到这次经历,回忆起爸爸的金玉良言。我坚持着,一次一小步,量的改变总能引起质的飞跃。我坚信,人生的道路因坚持而宽广,坚持这座桥梁定能载我迈过困难,走向胜利的彼岸。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
瀑布从悬崖上奔泻写下来,蔚为壮观,令人赞叹。如果小溪没有勇气从悬崖上奔泻下来,又怎么会有那气势磅礴的瀑布呢?雄鹰展翅,一飞冲天,荡气回肠,如果巢中的雏鹰没有勇气振翅试飞,又怎么能翱翔于更高远的天空?——他们跨出了勇敢的那一步!
人生,又何尝不是这样。
如果我们不跨出勇敢的一步,又怎能进取向前体验到成功的喜悦和多彩的人生?
赛场上的空气似乎凝固了。炽热的阳光照射在跑道上,空气中翻滚着炽人的热浪,滴滴晶莹的汗珠从额上流淌而下,燥热和憋闷使人感觉自己快要融化在赛场上了。面对眼前的道道高栏,我咽了口唾沫,心里有些发怵:“我能行吗?我能跨过这些栏吗?能笑到最后吗?”
曾经的我是个胆小懦弱的人,从没参加过运动会,我惧怕与其他选手激烈角逐的紧张,我担心在众目睽睽之下被人甩在身后的窘迫,我更害怕比赛失败时老师那失望与无奈的眼神和同学们叽叽喳喳的议论……然而老师语重心长的鼓励我:人生旅途中有数不清的拐角在等着我们。只要我们勇敢地跨出那一步,成功终会属于自己。老师的话点燃了我有藏于心底的求胜***。我终于下定决心挑战自己,勇敢地跨出那一步。
远处几十道充满希望的目光像我投射过来,给我注入了充足的力量和信心。我双手有力的撑在地上,身体前倾,屏住呼吸,双目注视前方,心儿扑通扑通的狂跳不止,每一根神经都绷得紧紧地,我憋足了劲,蓄势待发。
“砰”一声枪声,我如箭一般冲了过去,一咬牙,右腿猛地一蹬,向前猛跑了几步,左腿快速的向上一抬,双臂在空中高高扬起,感觉自己整个身体都飞起来了……啊,我跨过了第一道栏,我很兴奋,在心中添了一份信心。继续往前腾跃,我信心和勇气征服了每一道看似高不可及的栏,飞一般地冲过终点,胜利的喜悦顷刻间包围了我。
我挥动双手,眼里满泪水,与我的老师同学分享成功的快乐。我深深地吸了口气,溢满心中的是满怀的甜柔。抬起头,啊,天空蔚蓝,太阳正艳。
人生路上充满泥泞和坎坷,如果犹犹豫豫,瞻前顾后,害怕失败,只能止步不前,蹉跎一生。只有不怕泥泞,不惧摔倒,勇敢地跨出那一步,才能笑到最后。站在抉择的十字路口,有人选择跨出那一步,有人选择躲避退让,也因此产生了成功和失败。小下一步的力量很大,跨出这一步,才有成功的希望,如裹足不前,那只有满腹的遗憾……
每一个人都有深不可测的潜力,只要跨出那一步,就能写就非凡的人生。相信自己,勇敢跨出那一步,前面就是个朗朗的天。
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