五段式作文结构框架【一】
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
五段式作文结构框架【二】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
五段式作文结构框架【三】
今天早晨我和李蛟等人一起去爬双塔山。
到了双塔山脚下，哇，爬山的人好多啊!有老爷爷老奶奶叔叔阿姨和小弟弟小妹妹们，我跟随着人群向山爬去，双塔山好陡啊，就像上楼梯似的，每迈一个台阶都很吃力，我使劲的往上登呀登，爬呀爬，我们终于爬上了半山腰的一个亭子上，这时我全身是汗，犹如刚洗完澡似的，我感觉身体很累。大腿有些疼痛。这时已经走不动了，真想休息一会儿呀啊!可是我看见老爷爷老奶奶小弟弟小妹妹们还在爬，心想：我也不能输给他们呀!于是我随着人群向山顶走去。爬着爬着我突然发现脚下的石梯不见了。每走一步，我都感到脚下有下滑的危险，于是我用手攀着石牙，就这样一步一步地往上爬，最后我终于爬上了顶峰。我大声喊“我胜利了。”我举目望去两个石柱子上的双塔呈现在我眼前，它是那样高大雄伟。
回来的路上，我想：爬山只要有毅力和恒心，就一定能爬到山顶。
五段式作文结构框架【四】
第一招：故事式开头
所谓故事式开头，就是开篇讲述一个引人入胜的小故事，用叙述性的语言，把情节表述清楚，然后由这个故事引出文章的论点或论题的一种方法。
用故事开头，既丰富了文章内容，又能自然而然地引出观点，并能激发评卷老师的阅读兴趣。
请看：
例1我常常被那个叫做尾生的古人感动得落泪。
“尾生与女子约，女子三日不至，遇大水，尾生抱柱而死。
”尾生就是这样一位执著得可爱的君子，为了那一个或许并不重要的约定，为了守住自己心灵深处写给自己的那一份契约，他竟然用生命来壮烈地捍卫它。
我从他的身上看到了闪光的两个字——诚信。
（《守住心灵的契约》）
作文的开头，考生向我们讲述了一个诚信的故事，尾生为了守住约定，竟抱柱而死。
故事非常简洁，关键是作者把尾生和诚信联系起来，很自然地引出了话题。
古人尚且知道守住心灵的契约，那么我们呢？我们又该如何守住心灵的契约呢？
例2春秋时期，晋国有一权臣赵简子，为了表示他有仁慈之心，喜欢让老百姓替他捉斑鸠鸟送到他府中，让他在年初一时放生。
于是，每年邯郸地方的老百姓便纷纷拥进赵简子的府第，来进献斑鸠。
这是何其荒唐！为了放生，结果被打死打伤的斑鸠很多很多，以致“名”为行善，“实”为行恶。
这种只讲形式，不讲效果的做法，正是一种沽名钓誉、假仁假义的伪善行为。
由此可见，只顾“名”而不注重实际的形式主义，其害何其深也！（《“名”与“实”》）
开头首先把赵简子这种追求的“名”与造成的“实”相矛盾的具体情形展现在读者面前，把读者引入一个有趣的故事中，同时又引导读者思考，避免了一开头突兀的说教，符合人们由具体到抽象的认识过程。
运用故事开头的手法，需注意以下几点：
一、要精心选择故事，以利于观点的引出；
二、因为故事仅是一个由头，所以叙述不宜过细，篇幅不宜过长，能引出观点就行；
三、一个故事可以从多角度理解和诠释，在叙述时就要重点突出能够引出自己观点的那一个侧面，使观点的引出水到渠成。
第二招：层进式结构
层进式结构也称递进式、层递式，就是按照逻辑关系，由浅入深，层层递进，纵向开掘的一种结构方式。
层进式主要有两种类型：
一是将中心论点分成几个分论点时，这些分论点之间构成的是由浅入深、由简单到复杂的关系。
层次间可用诸如“不仅……而且……”“……况且”等关联词语过渡。
这种结构俗称“剥笋法”，一层一层地“剥壳”，最后显出其本质。
请看：
例3严于解剖自己
1。要不断进步，必须无情地“解剖自己”。
2。论述如何才能“解剖”好自己。
①对自己要有自知之明。
（这是“解剖”好自己的前提。
不了解“病”在哪里，就无从下刀）
②光有自知之明还不够，还要勇于自我批评。
（这是解剖好自己的途径。
不开刀，就无从去“病”）
③自我批评的勇气来源于对真理的追求和崇高的信念。
（这是解剖好自己的'关键。
不掌握开刀的规律，刀就开不好，也就难以真正去“病”）
3。严于解剖自己就会提升自己。
提纲中先提出观点，然后在分析和解决问题的时候，采取“剥笋法”一层层地深入分析，指出要“解剖好自己”就要有“自知之明”“要勇于自我批评”，要有“对真理的追求和崇高的信念”，从而有力地论证了观点，并解决了问题。
二是按照“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的思路安排论证结构，即按“是什么→为什么→怎么样”的顺序来写。
这种论证结构的好处是层次清楚，逻辑严密，论证深刻。
请看：
例4不要轻易说“不”
①人贵在自信自强，……所以无论面对着多大的艰难险阻，我们都不要轻易说“不”，我信我就能。
②要成功就不要轻易说“不”。
③要活得精彩就不要轻易说“不”。
④学会坚持就不会轻易说“不”。
⑤学会自信就不会轻易说“不”。
⑥只要坚持，你便成功；只要自信，你便活得精彩，在困难面前，我们都不要轻易说“不”。
（20xx年广东高考优秀作文《不要轻易说“不”》）
本文开头第①段，考生首先解释了“不要轻易说‘不’”的具体含义：那就是在面对生活中的困难与挑战的时候，应有一种“自强自立”的精神。
从“是什么”的角度来入题。
②③两个段落便从“为什么”的角度来论证中心论点：因为“要成功”“要活得精彩”就要“不要轻易说‘不’”。
④⑤两个段落，便是从“怎么样”角度来论证，学会了“坚持”“自信”就会“不轻易说‘不’”。
第⑥段，总结全文。
整篇文章采用“层进式”结构，环环相扣，干净利落。
运用层进式结构要注意以下几点：一、层进式的各个部分之间的关系要恰当，要符合人们的认知规律，不可随意颠倒；二、层进式各个部分之间的过渡要自然，要用一些过渡性词语承上启下；三、在按“是什么→为什么→怎么样”的顺序写作时，要明确回答各部分的内容。
五段式作文结构框架【五】
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为，翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程，它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理，而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则，翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者（听者）的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究，对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为：“翻译就是交际。”他指出，信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用，而译文如果起不到交际作用，不能为读者所理解，就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者，因此，要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图，这就需要译者首先要理解原文，并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联，获得最佳的语境效果，最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果，并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程，而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此，译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力，还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力，帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息，这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合，产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中，译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解，从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而，译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构，将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者，只会使译文读者不知所云，导致交际失败。例如，如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达，并未传达原文的真实意义，对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道：壁橱里藏骷髅，丑事家家有。”这样，译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联，译文也更易被中国读者所接受，译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁，其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功，译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联，达到最佳的交际效果。因此，译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解，做出准确的判断，对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人，成事在天”的翻译，霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes，God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩，使译作带上了基督教色彩，从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换，意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中，既要重视语言本身，也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设，不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境，还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息，这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境，而是一系列语境。在话语理解中，人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行，主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的，而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下，交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反，这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设，通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如：“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中，“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起，但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起，汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境，按照中国人的认知思维，把fox翻译成“狐狸精”，那无疑是错误的，因为在英语中，它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此，译者应该对原语进行文化推理，获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文，达到交际的目的。
五段式作文结构框架【六】
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
