Our campus is beautiful and clean.
Especially the view of the school just built soon pool, the water is clear and clean, several small koi fish alive in the water, really cute. Cascade tank top and a small spray, a start the water flow in the flowing and metope, give a person a kind of very pure and fresh and lively feeling. Also used by the side of the pool of some plants to decorate, I did not know at the moment the water and a few small lotus flowers purple, little fish in water activities after a while, a short while again drill to lotus holed up people's eyes. Although this tank nothing special, but it is not only to school spring scenery and move feeling, and it is a beautiful scenery, I really like the fountain. The center of the pool, there are a number of aquatic plants. Look, a spirited big carp tail up addicted, the chest, the pieces of fish scales, in the sun a bit, a bit, just like a crystal pearl! Beside the pool has a special management department of the pool, near the previous administration and buy some books about pool, isn't it a shame now has moved out.
? A circle near the pool and dedicated to pool of flower every day. Against the sun to the school, students can see the beauty into the gate of the pool, visible this pool is quite popular with the students, it has a good time to school students will come to visit, even after a long time, some students came to visit a pool view. All of them are actually swam to see those life - carp. But since carp died, and I have no students came to see, actually I also very sad, good carry of life did not have.
Oh, I think of it, beside the pool and two kirin, in their mouth with little water, how I wish come in to add a few water in vibrant life! This school pool is more interesting and more to the campus scenery, the fountain has its matchless magical color!
我们的'校园又美丽又干净。
特别是学校刚修建不久的景色水池,水又清澈又干净,几条小锦鲤鱼在水里活蹦乱跳的,真可爱。水池小瀑布上面还有一个小型喷水器,一开动水就顺墙面潺潺而流,给人一种非常清新活泼的感觉。水池旁边还用了一些我一时也说不上来的植物装饰,水中还有几朵紫色的小莲花,小鱼儿一会在水上活动,一会又钻到莲花下躲藏人们的眼光。虽然这个水池没什么特别,可是它不但给学校增添春色和动感,而且又是一处好看的景色,我真喜欢这个喷水池。池正中,有许多水生植物。瞧,一条欢蹦乱跳的大鲤鱼翘着尾嗜,挺着胸脯,那一片片鱼鳞,在阳光下忽闪,忽闪,真像一颗晶莹的珍珠哩!水池旁有一个专门管理水池的管理处,以前管理处旁还有一些关于水池的的书买呢,不可惜现在已经搬走了。
?水池旁有一圈专门来装饰水池的鲜花,每天。学生们迎着朝阳到学校,一进大门就能看到这个美丽的这个水池,可见这水池挺受学生们的欢迎,刚建好的时候学生一到学校都会上来参观,即使过了很久,还有学生来参观景色水池。其实他们都是来看那些游动着的生命——鲤鱼的。可是自从鲤鱼死后,就没学生过来看了,其实我也很难过,好端端的小生命一个个就没了。
哦,我想起来了,水池旁边还有两个麒麟头,在它们的嘴里会喷出小水柱,我多么希望快快在水里增加几条有活力的生命啊!这样学校的水池才更有趣,也更给校园增添风光,这样的喷水池也有它无比神奇的色彩哦!
改写这一概念是Lefevere 提出的,他认为翻译、编史、选集、批评、编辑等等都是不同形式的改写,它们都从某种程度上对原文进行了改变和操控,其中翻译是最为明显、最有影响的改写,因为它在另一种文化中树立了作者或者作品的形象,让他们突破了原文化的界限。在《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》的前言中,Bassnette 和Lefevere 指出翻译是对原文的改写,而所有的改写,不管出于什么目的,都体现了某种意识形态和诗学,也同样对文学进行操控让它在某个社会中起到特定的作用(viii)。在这本书中,Lefevere 多次提到改写同意识形态和诗学的关系,翻译作为最明显的改写形式也要受到意识形态和诗学的限制。
(一)意识形态
意识形态有广泛的意义,是一个关于社会文化的概念。当我们谈论意识形态的时候,可能会涉及到政治经济情况、民族的文化导向甚至某个社会的文学体系。意识形态在翻译中起着重要作用,决定了译者将要采取的基本策略。Lefevere 在他的另一本书《文学翻译:比较文学背景下的理论与实践》中,明确指出译者都想出版自己的作品,如果译作同目标文化中人们接受的行为标准,也就是这种文化中的'意识形态不冲突,那译者的目的就容易达到。翻译过程中最为有影响力的意识形态限制来自于政治,尤其是在那些政治敏感的社会或者时期,在这样的情况下,译者必须做出决定选择哪些类型的文本以及翻译的策略。
(二)诗学
诗学包括两部分,一方面指文学手段、文学样式、主题、原形人物、情节和象征等一系列文学要素,另一方面指的是观念,即在社会体系中,文学起什么作用,或应起什么作用。不同文化中的诗学会相互冲突,目的语文化中处于主导地位的诗学必然会影响到译者的翻译,所以为了达到某种诗学要求,译者必须做出让步,因为一种文化中人们广泛认可的诗学可能在另一种文化中并不受欢迎,这时候就需要译者采取有效的翻译策略,比如遵循目的语文化中的叙事方式或者改变原作的结构等等。
改写理论有着很强的适用性,它不同于以往文本对照的研究方法,而更关注翻译的“成品”,为研究文学翻译提供了新的视角。
参考文献:
[1]Lefevere, André. Translation, Rewriting, & theManipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2004.
[2] —. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in aComparative Literature Context. New York: TheModern Language Association of America,1992.
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