有些人不论讲到什么事都喋喋不休地讲个没完,这种自以为是评论家的人和具有辩才的雄辩家大不相同,其鼓噪的言辞,令厌。
说话的要领并不在于以幽默风趣的口吻及华丽的词藻把对方迷得团团转,或是运用高深的理论,让对方崇拜自己。说话的真意在于将告知的讯息正确地传达至对方的内心,以有组织的理论使对方更正确地认清事实。
然而,以讲求理论的主张,可是件令人受不了的事。为了增加自己的交际范围而进行的谈话,与谈论道理有所不同:它必须要具有休闲与幽默的特质。只是,在深受儒家思想影响之下,很少人是富有幽默感的。
让别人感到有趣、说话的内容值得一听、很高明地
赞同别人的意见、不和他人唱反调、在分手的时候总是留下一点让人回味的情趣;具备了这些技巧,就能引起人想要继续交往的念头。
让人一看就觉得无聊,总是说些没有营养的有色笑话或鸡毛蒜皮的琐事,这样的人很容易让人敬而远之。
如今并不是"沉默是金"的时代,在这个凡事都讲求迅速的社会,想以沉默来让大家了解,恐怕等不到那个时候一切就已经结束,留给大家的误解也没有澄清的`机会。
因此,现代人必须借着言词来表达自己,不擅言词的人虽然可以用沉默来避免暴露自己的缺点,但他只要一开口马上就会露出破绽,要培养说话技巧就是这个道理。
说话技巧的理论有(1归纳法(2演绎法二种。前者是由各个具体的事态,导论出重点与法则;后者则是由理论来说明特殊的事态。
要采用前者就必须具备很充足的事例,资料与数据必须具有充分的说服力,后者则需要广泛地了解各种理论,并且能够融会贯通地应用在恰当的例子上。
说话技巧的应用,是为了要让对方了解自己内心的本意,为了更有效地达到这个目的,偶尔也可以利用"极端的事例"来说服对方。
例如,某君因为不受的赏识而打算辞职。一般人大概都会劝他打消这个念头或是予以安慰,但往往还是不能他的心意。这个时候倒不如举一些极端的例子来挫挫他的锐气。
“这么说,只要能得到的赏识,就算叫你贩毒你也愿意吗?”
“不:我对目前的工作感到很满意,只是……”
“这么说,你并不讨厌目前的工作嘛!而且工作能够让你感受到的,只是有些人际关系的罢了,你的观就是宁可为了人际关系,而否定其中的正面意义嘛!”
原本这种极端的例子并不正确,把正当的工作和不法勾当相提并论并不恰当,但把这种极端的例子塞进对方狭隘的思绪里,却正好可以发挥作用。
与交往,并不需要用什么特殊技巧来驳倒对方,而是要让自己所说的话很容易让对方接受。在现代这种信息发达而凡事讲究速度的时代,以实际的例证或数据,更有利于在短内得到结论。
有些人引用一些历史典故来说服对方,其实这未必适用于现代的状况,倒不如举些周围的实例比较有效。
现代人也有喜好夸大的趋势,所以在车厢广告、电视短片中都常会出现一些运用极端事例来打动人心的宣传。在关系中,稍微举一些极端事例并不算是夸大,这不过是为了要弥补平凡事例不足以说明的状况罢了。
设立贡献,做有意义的事。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
谢老师手握着一枚鸡蛋,走上了讲台。谢老师说:今天,我看了你们的数学题,只有两位同学全对。应该说,初一的数学并不难,该有百分之八九十的同学全对,为什么却只有两位呢?我听了老师的话后,开始自我反省。我想:以后,我一定要好好对待老师布置的每一样作业,认真检查。接下来,谢老师又举起手中的鸡蛋,问道:怎样来判断这是不是一个熟鸡蛋呢?杨智利同学用转的方式证明力这一个熟鸡蛋。老师又问:为什么熟鸡蛋能转起来,而生鸡蛋不能转起来呢?杨智利同学说:因为熟鸡蛋是固体,转起来方向一致,而生鸡蛋是液体,转起来时方向不一致。打开这个鸡蛋有几种方法?对,有两种方法。一种是从外而内,一种是从内而外。从外而内,这枚鸡蛋就成了一盘菜,而从内而外,将是诞生一个全新的生命。在现实生活中,我们的学习就如同一枚鸡蛋一样,被老师强迫着学的就是由外而内,成了一盘菜,自己主动学的就是由内而外,就会诞生一个全新的`生命。
被老师放在手中的这枚鸡蛋,成了本次活动中由内而外最出色的同学的奖品,希望人人都成为由内而外的人。这枚鸡蛋的获得者是谁?当然是赵越同学了。
加油吧!做一个由内而外的人!拼搏吧!成为一个全新的生命!不要成为一盘菜!
冯玉祥虽历任高官,但为人清正刚直,嫉恶如仇,有时也常以幽默为武器鞭挞妞恶。
有一年,北洋直系军阀头子吴佩孚,为自己庆寿,大摆宴席,许多趋炎附势之徒争送重礼祝贺。当时冯玉祥在直系军队,是吴佩孚的部下,但他看不惯吴佩孚的所作所为。于是派人送去一坛清水,坛口封条上写着"君子之交淡如水"。
吴佩孚心知冯玉祥捉弄他,但还装着附庸风雅,自我解嘲地说:"知我者,焕章也。"
第一次北伐战争胜利后,冯玉祥出任军政部长。南京是当时国民党首都所在地,市长刘纪文结婚,大摆排场,婚礼隆重,宾客如云,礼物成山。可当时,国家贫穷,战急频仍,人民生活在痛苦之中,可这位市长却借结婚之机,大肆张扬敛财。冯玉祥十分厌恶。于是他派人给刘纪文送去一件礼物--木盒一只,外包红布。刘纪文喜孜孜地当众打开木盒,里面装的全是南京市民的诉冤状纸。
这位受蒋介石宠幸的堂堂首都市长,顿时脸色发青,下不了台。
幽默是人类智慧的结晶,是一种语言艺术,它区别于只是逗人发笔的滑稽,它蕴藏着深刻的内涵。让我们都学会运用幽默,做一个幽默的人。
萧伯纳,爱尔兰作家,后移居英国。一生著作甚丰,共写剧本五十余部,小说5部和其他多种著作。曾荣获过诺贝尔文学奖。他不仅是位天才作家,还是位出色的幽默大师。
20世纪,美国著名舞蹈家邓肯,美丽动人,仪态万方。她曾热烈地追求萧伯纳。她在给萧伯纳的信中说:"若是我俩结为夫妇,生下的儿女,有我美丽的仪表,而有你睿智的头脑,那该多妙!"
萧伯纳在回信中,幽默地写道:"如果生下的孩子仪表像我,头脑却像你。那该有多糟!"
萧伯纳有一次在街上散步,被一个骑自行车的小伙子撞倒了。那小伙子一边扶起他,一边向他道歉。萧伯纳用手拍掸拍掸身上灰尘,然后慢条斯理地对那位小伙子说:"你的`运气真不佳,要是把我撞死了,那你可就要扬名四海了。"
萧伯纳体形很瘦。在一次宴会上,一个肥头胖脑、大腹便便的富翁与他开玩笔:"哈罗,萧伯纳先生,我一看见你,就知道现在世界上正在闹饥荒。"
萧伯纳当即回答:"我一看见你先生这副模样,就知道世界上正在闹饥茺的原因。"
萧伯纳名气很大,拚访的人很多,有一次连英王乔治六世也去访问他。寒暄以后,两人话不投机,很快也就无话可说了。而英王迟迟没有离去的意思。萧伯纳又不能对国王下逐客令,只是不停地看怀表。英王也就不得不告辞。
事后,有人问萧伯纳,喜欢不喜欢乔治六世。他风趣地说:"在他告辞时,确实使我喜欢!"
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
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