1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
火龙果是我最喜欢的一种水果,现在由我来跟大家说说火龙果的特点。
火龙果又称红龙果。火龙果原产地方是在中美洲热带地区,成熟的火龙果就像一个燃烧的火球,也似一个太阳宝宝。火龙果的叶皮就仿佛一堆刺,整个火龙果看起来就是一个刺猬。
火龙果营养丰富,功能独特,它富有一般植物少有的植性白蛋白及花青素,丰富的维生素和水溶性膳纤维。
有一次,我回老家去我大姨家,目地是去尝试我大姨种的火龙果。那天下午,我在大姨家呆着,闲着没事干,和大姨还有表哥一起去看火龙果。在小果园里,一个个红通通的火龙果,仿佛是一群笑货,笑得脸都红了。在大姨的精心培养下,火龙果个个都是肥肥胖胖的,看了就流口水。大姨找了一个最大的火龙果给我,说:“带回家,洗净后再吃。”我们把火龙果切成三块。我们吃的津津有味,但大姨种的是红品种的,我还觉得比白色品种的还好吃。之后,我又去果园摘火龙果吃呢!我真是一个好吃的小家伙。
第二天,我上厕所的时候,发现自己的便便全是红的,吓我一跳,上厕所完,我赶紧问大姨,一问才知道,原来吃红色品种的火龙果,拉出来的便便就是红的。我还问了大姨有关火龙果的一些资料,火龙果除了可以吃,还可以酿酒、制罐头、果酱等,哇!火龙果的营养好丰富啊,还有花干制成菜,颜色可提炼食用色素。
火龙果是一种低热量、高纤维的水果,其食疗作用就不言而喻了,要是经常食用火龙果,能降血压,降血脂、润肺、解毒、养颜、明目,对便秘和糖尿病有辅助治疗的作用,吃火龙果可以让那些想减肥的人,梦想成真。
十月五日,我们全家兴致勃勃地乘车参观了韶山。韶山真是一个中外驰名的好地方。
一下车,我们就迫不及待地来到了铜像广场。哇!这里真大呀!广场上人山人海。***铜像庄严地屹立在广场的西面,在阳光的照耀下闪闪发光。你看,他正昂首向东,面带微笑,左手拿着一本书,那样子像是又要做一个惊天动地的报告。铜像前摆放着一束束鲜花和一个个花环,来参观的人络绎不绝,都情不自禁地三鞠躬,然后逆时针绕广场一周,才慢慢离去。
接着,我们驱车来到滴水洞。一路上,我们见到了许多石碑,不一会儿就来到了办公楼一号楼。这里曾是***回故乡时办公和休息的地方。我们随着人流有序地参观着,因为是第一次到这里。沿着石阶,我们又到了“滴水秀色”,嘻,这里真是好玩极了,我时而爬假山,时而走石头,爸爸妈妈都不知道怎样让我停下来了。登上“虎歇坪”韶山的美景尽收眼底,远处的山峰像波浪一样连绵不断。我和妹妹好不容易爬上“老虎”背上,双手紧紧地抓住“老虎”耳朵,欣赏这美丽的景色。微风吹来,刚才还是大汗淋漓,现在已是神清气爽了。要走了,爸爸让我下来,哎!现在是“骑虎难下”了!
出了滴水洞,我们参观了***故居。里面摆放着***用过的床铺,厨房里还有一些不知名的用具。
韶山这儿真好,希望你有机会一定要来这里。
一个星期日的清晨,我照例给娇艳的玫瑰浇水。忽然,我惊异地发现花盆下压着一株可怜的小草。它被风折了茎,瘦小的个儿在微风中瑟瑟发抖,狭小的叶片枯黄发焦,茎干巴巴的,要不是还有一点儿淡淡的绿色,我真不敢相信这个生命的存在。
我怀着怜悯的心,小心翼翼地拿来花盆,填满土,施上肥,种上这株可怜的小草,期待它的复活,哪怕长出几个鲜嫩的小绿叶,也是我莫大的希望。
过了几天,小草儿果然发芽了!它嫩绿的小芽儿挺出盆面,尽情享受着阳光的照耀。更令人意想不到的是,几个星期后,小草竟然开出了淡紫色的小花苞,花盆里清香扑鼻。虽说花没有牡丹的娇艳,也没有玫瑰的妩媚,但却淡雅端庄,温柔娴静。
不幸的是,一天下午我在玩耍时,不小心跌伤了腿,妈妈把开满紫花的小草连根挖起,给我止血,然后随手扔了,我知道是那棵小草后,十分心疼,为它盖了一座“坟”。
过了些日子,“坟”上的土松动了,一株紫兰的新芽露出了尖,我大吃一惊,才领悟到小草生命力的顽强。难怪诗人用“野草烧不尽,春风吹又生”的诗句来赞颂小草。
它启示我,经过磨炼、不怕困难与挫折的生命是顽强的、有用的、长久的,并且是闪光的。我愿做一棵挺风傲雪的'劲草,在广阔的天地中坚强生长,为人类造福。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
好不容易迎来了一个星期天,妈妈带我去动物园玩。
这里的动物可真多,有美丽的孔雀、笨重的狗熊、凶猛的老虎,还有身体庞大的大象……我最喜欢顽皮的猴子了,就不停地催促妈妈快去猴山。
猴山上猴子真不少,猴子们上蹿下跳、你来我往,好不热闹。它们有的在玩荡秋千,有的在争抢游客扔的食物,有的在山上追逐打闹,不时地传出叽叽哇哇的叫声。只见一只小猴子从山洞里窜出来,向山下跑去。紧接着,一只猴妈妈模样的老猴子从山洞里追出来,一把抓住小猴子的尾巴,硬是把小猴子给拖了回来。可小猴子真是太贪玩了,总是想逃,但猴妈妈却紧紧抓住它的尾巴,丝毫不肯放松。可怜的小猴子急得叽叽直叫,尾巴上的毛都被拽掉了。看到这儿,我不禁有点怪猴妈妈的狠心了。
围着猴山转一圈,不断可以见到有人向猴子们扔食物,食物多的地方自然也就成了猴子们打斗的场所。瞧那两只猴子,它们可真有意思!一只猴子抢起玉米棒啃上两口,然后把玉米棒夹在怀里赶紧向远处跑,找到了个偏僻的角落吃起来。
另一只猴子趁其不备,一把将它的玉米棒打掉在地上,还朝它踢了一脚,捡起玉米棒溜之大吉!被踢的猴子满脸怒火,立刻向“侵略者”追去。那个“侵略者”显然实力强大,气急败坏赶来的那只猴子不仅没有讨回棒子,反而又被踹了一脚。受害的一方自知不是人家的对手,于是就甘愿败下阵来,灰溜溜地离开,去找别的食物了。来看热闹的一群小猴子也都因为战斗结束而走开了,而几只贪吃的大猴子却经受不住这美味的诱惑,想冲上去较量一番……
没想到,动物界中也会发生如此惨烈的争斗,真是“弱肉强食,适者生存”呀!
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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