铺垫也称铺叙衬垫,它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫。运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势,是为了突出文章主旨。陶铸《松树的风格》前几段的大量文字浓墨重彩地描绘松树的形象,赞美它“要求于人的甚少,给予人的甚多”,又用杨柳、桃李同松树作对比,补充说明松树“给人以启发、以深思和勇气”,直到第九段作者才笔锋一转,点明题旨说:“我每次看到松树,想到它那种崇高的风格的时候,就联想到共产主义风格。”原来此篇前面对松树的描绘和赞美是铺垫蓄势,后面对共产主义风格的赞美才是全文的主旨。这篇文章正因为有了前面形象感人的铺垫,后面入题也才显得格外坚实有力。杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议,论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲,大营宫室,招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起,发出深沉的议论慨叹,指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民,国家就不会败亡,表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋,前两段的描绘渲染,是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势,描绘渲染是议论的基础,议论则揭示主题,突出文旨,这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。
运用铺垫手法须注意两点:一是要注意写好铺叙的那一部分,只有将这部分写充分了,才能有效地蓄积气势。二是运用铺垫要自然,如果为铺垫而铺垫,过多地堆砌,反会暴露出人为的痕迹,那效果就适得其反了。
烘托艺术原是中国画的技法名称,是指渲染某一部分,衬托出另一主要部分来。把这种手法运用到文章的构思中来,就是从侧面通过描绘某件事、景或人的方法来衬托出主要人或事物,又称“衬托法”。衬托,也叫映衬。用类似的或反面的事物,使主要事物意思更加鲜明突出,从而达到强烈的表达效果。如“红花还须绿叶扶”。有了陪衬的事物,被陪衬的事物才会显得突出,才能得到更加充分的说明。
1、衬托,可分正衬和反衬。
正衬,就是用类似的事物,从正面去陪衬。烘托主要事物。如“风萧萧兮易水寒,壮士一去兮不复返。”用冷风寒水来衬托壮士此行的悲壮。又如“蓝天衬着矗立的巨大雪峰”,用蓝天衬雪峰,使雪峰更高大
反衬,就是利用同主要事物相反或相异的事物作陪衬。如上例中的蓝天的蓝,来衬托雪峰的白,使雪峰更洁白。又如“蝉噪林愈静,鸟鸣山更幽”,以有声衬无声。
2、运用衬托要爱憎分明,要宾主分明,陪衬事物与被陪衬事物,要让人一看便清楚,不能喧宾夺主。
3、衬托和对比的区别:
对比,是把两种不同的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面放在一起相互比较。它与反衬有些相似,但不同。对比,意在比,突出的对象是双方的,对立两事物无主宾之分。
衬托,意在衬,两事物有主宾之分,突出的是主要一方。如:“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”与“已是悬崖百丈冰,犹有花枝俏”,前句是对比,后句是反衬。
Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in big cities. They shout at us from the television screen and radio loudspeakers, wave to us from every page of the newspaper, signal to us from the roadside billboards all day and flash messages to us in colored lights all night.
Faced with a flood of advertisement, some people wonder whether it is necessary to have such huge sums spent on advertising. They often cite in illustration of it the attractive, but false and deceptive advertisements to which many consumers fall victim. Why don't we stop advertising and use the money to reduce the price of goods? It sounds like a good idea, but they fail to notice the contribution advertising makes to our society. Because the production of a better product to compete for customers' money is the goal of advertisers, customers are thus given a chance to compare their products and get the best and cheapest one. Besides, as the advertisement can provide people with a lot of immediate and detailed information as to the availability of a certain product, or a service or a job, it makes life much more convenient. And another thing we mustn't forget: the fact that we pay so little for our daily newspapers and TV programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers.
Advertising performs such a useful service to our society that we can't imagine what would happen if there were no advertisements. (198 words
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