安徽有一家服装场,一次,一家医院定做500套工作服,交货的日期到了,医院催个不停。就在产品临出厂时,技术人员发现,由于一名来厂实习不久的设计人员的疏忽,这些工作服的上衣少了两只口袋。但技术人员并没有将这一情况报告厂长,就轻易地将这些不合格的服装送到了那家医院。
医院的工作人员后来发现因为上衣缺少两只大口袋,他们的听筒、温度计不知放在什么地方才好,给他们的工作带来了很多不便,以后这家医院再也不从这家服转厂订购服装了。现在这家服装厂由子长期不注重质量和信誉,生意已被附近的几家民营服装厂抢光了,濒临***边缘。
“捧着一颗心来,不带半根草去”的陶行知先生,因他的品德和才学,深受爱国将领冯玉祥的信任。
1927年冬,冯将军邀请陶行知到河南帮助制定教育规划。陶行知答应12月3曰前准时赶到。当时正值军阀混战,交通中断,许多人认为陶行知不会来了。一位老先生却说:“陶行知是言而有信的人,我敢打赌,他会按时赶到的。”
一路上陶行知风餐露宿,翻山跃岭,到了河南境内时天已晚了,没有渡船,他硬是绕道赶了许多路,连布鞋都走破了,终于在12月3日前感到了目的地。
陶行知先生如此遵守诺言,他言而有信的良好品德,在晓庄师范、甚至在全国传为美谈。
启示一:单纯举例显浮浅,以理服人才深刻。
启示二:例后说理讲方法,巧妙运用出华章 1、由果推因法 2、假设推理法
在以后的学习过程中,我们将继续探讨比较分析法、引申分析法、归谬法、求同析理法、辨证分析法以及这些方法在怎样的情况下运用最恰当。
布置作业:找出一篇自己写过的议论文,改善文中例后说理的状况,使之更深刻更严密更透彻。
谢谢大家!
我来练练1:
论点:顽强的意志,才可能征服世界上的任何一座高峰。
论据:贝多芬28岁那年得了耳病,到57岁逝世,中间20多年的岁月,都是在与可怕的聋疾苦战。但是贝多芬没有向命运屈服,他凭着顽强的意志与病魔做斗争,终于在逝世前几年写成了一生中最著名最富有战斗力的作品《第九交响曲》。
试问,是什么使贝多芬走向了成功?是惊人的意志,是不屈的奋斗精神!试想,如果贝多芬在困境中缺少了“扼住命运的咽喉”的顽强的意志,如果他轻易的向病魔屈服,他还能写成了一生中最著名最富有战斗力的作品《第九交响曲》?显然,答案是否定的。一个人如果没有坚定的意志,遇到逆境时,就只能随波逐流。所以我敢肯定的说,只有有了顽强的意志,才可能征服世界上的任何一座高峰。
我来练练2:
论点: 虚心听取他人的意见
三国时的马谡,镇守街亭,他把20万大军驻扎在高山上,结果被司马氏围山断水,放火烧山,蜀军不战而乱,几乎全军覆没;马谡也被依军法身首异处。它像一面警世钟,时刻在警醒世人:一定要虚心听取来自各方面的不同意见,千万不要自以为是。
街亭失守,是因为马谡不懂兵法吗?不,他自幼熟读兵法,曾献计于诸葛亮,使其七擒孟获,平定南方边境;又离间曹睿与司马懿,使司马懿被罢官归田。那是为什么呢?马谡的失败,是因为他狂妄自大,固执己见,不能虚心听取别人的正确意见。它像一面警世钟,时刻在警醒世人:一定要虚心听取来自各方面的不同意见,千万不要自以为是。波兰有句谚语:“常问路的人不会迷失方向。”我们在决策、办事时不能盲目自信,要择善而从,以他山之石,攻自己之玉,取人之长,补己之短。
【习作题目】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
1.学生给老师打分已很普遍;
2.人们对其持不同态度(肯定或否定的态度);
3.你的看法。
【习作解读】
显然,此任务是写一篇议论文,主题为对学生给老师打分的现象进行议论,开放性较大。学生应根据实际情况,从多个方面阐述其原因并表达自己对这种现象的观点和态度。该话题更加贴近学生的实际生活,但有一定的语言难度,也有一定的思想深度。通过此文的写作,也从侧面提示了学生在注重写作基础训练的前提下,也应该注重培养积极思考、灵活运用、自由发挥等能力。
此次的写作任务出题相当巧妙,写作内容涉及的词汇和句型都属于新课程标准范围。题目在考查学生写作能力的同时,也在考查学生的分析判断能力及高度概括能力。富有想象力的学生写出的文章可能生动而富有灵性。此题目能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思,学会换位思考,这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要。
【习作展示】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
Nowadays, a lot of schools ask their students to contribute to grading their teachers. As a teacher, it is their responsibility to satisfy their students in all aspects. Meanwhile, it is admirable that school teachers prefer to expose themselves to their students.
If the system of grading of teachers by students is introduced, it will benefit students, teachers and the administration of the school for a number of reasons. For one thing, the system will give teachers and the administration of the school an insight into the minds of the students and show whether the teachers are successful in getting their lessons understood by the students; for another, it will also encourage the good teachers to continue their efforts and motivate themselves. What is more, it will expose those who are not doing enough and will lead them to correct their teaching methods as well as their attitude towards students. Thus the quality of teaching will certainly improve.
In a word, it is a promising concept and will bring surprisingly good results if applied with the right conditions.
【习作点评】
作者观点明确,赞成学生给老师打分。作为老师,就要做一个让学生满意的老师。这样,不仅对学生、学校有利,而且对老师本人也有利。这样,老师就会从另一个角度重新审视自己,看自己是否是一个成功的老师。如果得到学生的认可,这将是对自己的一次鼓励,为继续前行增添动力。如果学生的认可度不高,老师就应进行反思,调控教学方法和教学态度。这样,教学质量肯定会提高。作
者用简洁、明快的语言以及自己的经历列举了充分的论据,内容充实,贴近生活。For one thing, for another, what is more, in a word等过渡词的使用,是短文结构清晰,层次分明。最后,最值得一提的是,文中多次正确运用的高级词汇和复杂句式,给文章增添了不少文采。综上所述,这是一篇不可多得的佳作,值得向大家推荐。
二、写作模板
此模板适用于社会现象类议论文。参考模式如下:
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental There are a couple of reasons behind this problem/phenomenon. For one ;Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
Nowadays, there exists a common phenomenon—with the development of the Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones to their friends and relatives when an important holiday comes.
There are a couple of reasons behind this phenomenon. For one thing, compared with the traditional cards, electronic cards are more lively and interesting. They can give not only pictures but also sound and animation. For another, there are many websites online which offer varieties of cards for you to choose from. What is more, with the popularity of the electronic cards, less paper is used in making paper cards, which does good to our environment.
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that sending greetings by using electronic cards will be accepted by more and more people, not only the young ones.
三、写作指导
写作思路是先列出一个具体的社会问题或者现象,然后分析产生的原因和产生的影响,最后提出解决问题的办法,或者得出结论,或者提出个人看法,或者预测前景。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是作者对所议论问题所持有的见解和主张,论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据;论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说,议论文每段都有主题句来确定论点。论证的方法很多,但最常用的是因果分析法。即:分析事实与论点的因果关系,指出取得结果的原因是所要证明的论点,从而达到论证的目的。
在近几年的高考中,议论文的比重占得越来越多,议论文的.出题形式可以多种多样,有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型,但文体实际是议论文,而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是:
1. 观点鲜明,文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明,一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持,不同层次之间要分明,过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文,得出一个符合逻辑的结论,突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力,一般不采用口语。
四、巩固练习
1.【练习题目】
2010年上海世界博览会期间,上万的青年志愿者参加志愿工作,请你谈谈对此现象的看法。
【参考范文】
During the period of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, tens of thousands of young citizens are participating in volunteer work, hoping to devote themselves to the grand occasion. As far as I am concerned, everyone ought to enter for it. Here are the reasons I want to mention.
It can be argued that the advantages of doing unpaid volunteer work are enormous, because volunteer work is actually a two-way street. First of all, volunteer work should always benefit people who need help. Those who need help will feel happier due to our immediate help. On the other hand, as far as the young people ourselves are concerned, we have more opportunities to develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others.
Through this kind of work, we become confident and mature. In addition, we can make many friends and increase our chances of getting the jobs of our dreams. Furthermore, volunteer work plays an active role in building up a harmonious society.
In a word, it is of great value for the young adults to offer volunteer work. The youth volunteers do make a difference by the voluntary work! Why not join them and do something for our country?
2.【练习题目】
某些中学生为了显示自己成熟或表明自己醋而吸烟。请写一篇120词左右的短文,列举吸烟的危害,并提出建议。
【参考范文】
I am sorry to know that more and more middle school students begin to smoke. I think it is wrong to believe that smoking is cool and even think that smoking makes you appear to be mature. In fact, smoking is not cool but very dangerous.
First, smoking can do much damage to health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart diseases, cancers and other problems. It is reported that about 5 million people die of diseases related to smoking each year all over the world.
Second, it is a waste of money to smoke cigarettes. Smoking can cost a great deal of money. Once you are addicted to it, it is difficult to give it up.
What’s more, smoking can cause fires easily, which may do great damage to your life and your surroundings.
So give up smoking at once! Only in this way can you keep healthy forever.
3. 【练习题目】近年来,越来越多的中学生出国学习,出现了所谓的中学生“出国热”。请根据以下提供的信息,谈谈自己的看法。
1)良好的语言环境,更利于语言学习。
2)拓宽视野,学习国外先进的科学技术。
3)传播各民族间的不同文化。
参考词汇:媒介,中间人:mediator
【参考范文】
In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese middle school students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.
There are a number of reasons for attending schools abroad.First, students who are studying abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. They can communicate with each other directly and learn about different cultures. Second, they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries and experience different education methods.Third, they live in foreign countries and take classes given by foreign teachers. As a result, they can learn foreign languages much more quickly.
Therefore, it is advisable to attend schools abroad.
4.【练习题目】随着经济和社会的发展,道路上的私人小汽车越来越多。请根据自己的观察和理解,谈谈自己的观点。
【参考范文】
With the fantastic development both in economy and in society in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But I strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.
I hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run on the road, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic jams so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In a word, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore, I am against developing private cars.
1.提取.概括文章的中心论点。
2.结合具体语境理解关键词语的深层含义和表达作用。
3.考查论据的类型及作用。
4.辨别论证方法.论证方式.或论证角度。
5.对文章的语言进行探究品析。
6.根据文意从自己阅读和生活积累中列举事实论据.或谈自己个性化的阅读启迪和感悟。
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