社会见闻类作文800字初二【一】
当然，首先摆在面前的问题是，什么是社会结构?“社会结构”曾经一度是社会学理论和分析的一个核心概念。我们也经常会说到社会结构这个词，甚至还抱怨过我们的社会结构不合理等，但在专业的社会学内，社会结构成为得以组织起来的“行动”和“结构”二元论的主要争端。牛津社会学简明词典里这样定义社会结构：一个被宽泛的用来代指某些社会行为循环发生模式;或者更具体地说，是指社会系统或者社会的不同元素之间的组织有序的相互关联。这个概念化的东西不太容易理解，所以我更愿意以实际例子来看待这个结构是如何运转的。
首先是制度结构，自人类诞生之日起，制度就随之产生。我们常说，无规矩不成方圆，正是因为有了制度，我们的社会机器才能有序的运转。而要讨论制度，就不能避免说到社会功能，我们的社会正是由担任不同社会功能的各个部分拼凑而成，社会制度在其中担当了连接线的角色。每一个社会成员都在整个社会发展过程中扮演者不同的角色，但毫无疑问，都在给社会的发展提供着动力。社会制度组成了一个社会的框架或骨架，这样的例子包括大范围的结构，诸如婚姻、男权政治、财产、合同、群体商讨、商品交换、官僚作风、主权以及选择性教育等等，另外还包括日常存在的微结构，诸如关注排队、交谈顺序、礼物赠予等等。这些大范围的和小范围的制度，集合在一起就形成一个概莫能外的制度结构，诸如封建主义、世袭主义、工业主义、资本主义等等。这些社会制度和制度的衍生物绝对不能被研究者物化。作为文化现象，他们是精神而非物质的存在。因此，制度模式是存在于个体的思想中，但是他们有一个虚拟的客观性，这就将他们置于特殊的个体之外。作为一个社会整体，就好像一个人体一样，制度结构出了问题，整个社会就必然会出现问题。而同样的，不可能会有完美的制度结构，我们所做的努力也只不过是希望现存的制度结构能够符合当今社会的现状，或者说，让制度更接近这个世界资源的分配方式。
刚刚说到大范围的社会结构，婚姻、亲属、男权与女权这些，单从制度上来讲是不够充分的，或者是从社会的主体来讲，这些应该被分在关系结构这一类，这些对人类的行动上规定了明显的.关系约束。社会关系在一个社会关系中一般是反复出现的，正是这种一般性，才给予无论在社会中什么地方出现的社会关系以一个普通的“结构形式”。社会关系的结构形式是导致“特定场合的变化”原因的“一般或规范的形式”。既然关系和规范之间的区别不是绝对的，因此这任然是基本的原则，社会关系只能依靠通过人们在他们的行动中应用的规范或规则而存在，但是，这些关系不仅仅是来自对规则的宣读。对结构的探究就必然涉及到结构层次的区别，关系结构和制度结构并不是整个社会结构的全部，虽然如此，但这两者涉及到的结构层次依然足够的复杂。由个体的人到其组成的家庭，再由家庭组成社区、城市，到最后的国家、民族，这其中都无可避免的被制度包围着。而我觉得用我们更容易理解的方式解读出来就是关系网，这张网覆盖了这个世界每一个有人类存在的地方。
社会见闻类作文800字初二【二】
：在后添加的附录中，作者怀特充分的阐述了自己研究的过程。在量化研究的大潮流下，他选择了定性分析。并且他认为，要真正读懂某个社区，就必须真正理解其社会结构和人们的行为模式；而要做到这一点，就必须靠亲身体验、身临其境，了解每一种外显行为的背后权衡及博弈。
人类学参与观察法的使用，对社会学之前的统计学方法、心理学实验法和人格测验方法、实地调查法等做出了充分的补充。参与观察法使作者怀特理清了科纳维尔的社会结构与模式。
更重要的是，怀特在研究的过程中尽量保持在群体中比较中立的态度。事实上，由于他的才智以及和决策人物之间的关系使得他在群体中拥有比较高的地位，因而当对某些问题的决议，群体内赞同和反对双方人员的人数相当时，他的发言就可能会起到决定性的影响。而怀特曾经就因他的一次表态发言而影响了一次决议的最终结果。后来他觉得在这件事上做得确实不对，无论你多么想要融入这个群体，但作为社会实验中的研究者，你还是要保持自己的特色，不至于所有的活动都按照群体的规范去行动，因为也许你的参与会对实验本身产生破坏性。这大概就是我们常说的保持价值中立吧。
社会见闻类作文800字初二【三】
引出问题：如何处理工厂(甲对居民(乙的烟尘污染问题?庇古，《福利经济学》：赔偿、征税或责令工厂迁出。科斯认为这些办法并不合适，这类问题有待分析。
社会见闻类作文800字初二【四】
【习作题目】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
1．学生给老师打分已很普遍；
2．人们对其持不同态度（肯定或否定的态度）；
3．你的看法。
【习作解读】
显然，此任务是写一篇议论文，主题为对学生给老师打分的现象进行议论，开放性较大。学生应根据实际情况，从多个方面阐述其原因并表达自己对这种现象的观点和态度。该话题更加贴近学生的实际生活，但有一定的语言难度，也有一定的思想深度。通过此文的写作，也从侧面提示了学生在注重写作基础训练的前提下，也应该注重培养积极思考、灵活运用、自由发挥等能力。
此次的写作任务出题相当巧妙，写作内容涉及的词汇和句型都属于新课程标准范围。题目在考查学生写作能力的同时，也在考查学生的分析判断能力及高度概括能力。富有想象力的学生写出的文章可能生动而富有灵性。此题目能引发学生对平日习以为常的行为进行反思，学会换位思考，这对中学生的性格和品德培养非常重要。
【习作展示】
Students Grading of Their Teachers
Nowadays, a lot of schools ask their students to contribute to grading their teachers. As a teacher, it is their responsibility to satisfy their students in all aspects. Meanwhile, it is admirable that school teachers prefer to expose themselves to their students.
If the system of grading of teachers by students is introduced, it will benefit students, teachers and the administration of the school for a number of reasons. For one thing, the system will give teachers and the administration of the school an insight into the minds of the students and show whether the teachers are successful in getting their lessons understood by the students; for another, it will also encourage the good teachers to continue their efforts and motivate themselves. What is more, it will expose those who are not doing enough and will lead them to correct their teaching methods as well as their attitude towards students. Thus the quality of teaching will certainly improve.
In a word, it is a promising concept and will bring surprisingly good results if applied with the right conditions.
【习作点评】
作者观点明确，赞成学生给老师打分。作为老师，就要做一个让学生满意的老师。这样，不仅对学生、学校有利，而且对老师本人也有利。这样，老师就会从另一个角度重新审视自己，看自己是否是一个成功的老师。如果得到学生的认可，这将是对自己的一次鼓励，为继续前行增添动力。如果学生的认可度不高，老师就应进行反思，调控教学方法和教学态度。这样，教学质量肯定会提高。作
者用简洁、明快的语言以及自己的经历列举了充分的论据，内容充实，贴近生活。For one thing, for another, what is more, in a word等过渡词的使用，是短文结构清晰，层次分明。最后，最值得一提的是，文中多次正确运用的高级词汇和复杂句式，给文章增添了不少文采。综上所述，这是一篇不可多得的佳作，值得向大家推荐。
二、写作模板
此模板适用于社会现象类议论文。参考模式如下：
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental There are a couple of reasons behind this problem/phenomenon. For one ；Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people
Nowadays, there exists a common phenomenon—with the development of the Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones to their friends and relatives when an important holiday comes.
There are a couple of reasons behind this phenomenon. For one thing, compared with the traditional cards, electronic cards are more lively and interesting. They can give not only pictures but also sound and animation. For another, there are many websites online which offer varieties of cards for you to choose from. What is more, with the popularity of the electronic cards, less paper is used in making paper cards, which does good to our environment.
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that sending greetings by using electronic cards will be accepted by more and more people, not only the young ones.
三、写作指导
写作思路是先列出一个具体的社会问题或者现象，然后分析产生的原因和产生的影响，最后提出解决问题的办法，或者得出结论，或者提出个人看法，或者预测前景。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。论点是作者对所议论问题所持有的见解和主张，论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段都有主题句来确定论点。论证的方法很多，但最常用的是因果分析法。即：分析事实与论点的因果关系，指出取得结果的原因是所要证明的论点，从而达到论证的目的。
在近几年的高考中，议论文的比重占得越来越多，议论文的.出题形式可以多种多样，有看图写作、图表、表格、书信等各种类型，但文体实际是议论文，而有时是夹叙的议论文。议论文的写作要点是：
1. 观点鲜明，文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
四、巩固练习
1.【练习题目】
2010年上海世界博览会期间，上万的青年志愿者参加志愿工作，请你谈谈对此现象的看法。
【参考范文】
During the period of holding the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, tens of thousands of young citizens are participating in volunteer work, hoping to devote themselves to the grand occasion. As far as I am concerned, everyone ought to enter for it. Here are the reasons I want to mention.
It can be argued that the advantages of doing unpaid volunteer work are enormous, because volunteer work is actually a two-way street. First of all, volunteer work should always benefit people who need help. Those who need help will feel happier due to our immediate help. On the other hand, as far as the young people ourselves are concerned, we have more opportunities to develop the sense of responsibility, independence as well as interpersonal skills in the process of helping others.
Through this kind of work, we become confident and mature. In addition, we can make many friends and increase our chances of getting the jobs of our dreams. Furthermore, volunteer work plays an active role in building up a harmonious society.
In a word, it is of great value for the young adults to offer volunteer work. The youth volunteers do make a difference by the voluntary work! Why not join them and do something for our country?
2.【练习题目】
某些中学生为了显示自己成熟或表明自己醋而吸烟。请写一篇120词左右的短文，列举吸烟的危害，并提出建议。
【参考范文】
I am sorry to know that more and more middle school students begin to smoke. I think it is wrong to believe that smoking is cool and even think that smoking makes you appear to be mature. In fact, smoking is not cool but very dangerous.
First, smoking can do much damage to health. Scientific researches show that smoking can lead to heart diseases, cancers and other problems. It is reported that about 5 million people die of diseases related to smoking each year all over the world.
Second, it is a waste of money to smoke cigarettes. Smoking can cost a great deal of money. Once you are addicted to it, it is difficult to give it up.
What’s more, smoking can cause fires easily, which may do great damage to your life and your surroundings.
So give up smoking at once! Only in this way can you keep healthy forever.
3. 【练习题目】近年来，越来越多的中学生出国学习，出现了所谓的中学生“出国热”。请根据以下提供的信息，谈谈自己的看法。
1）良好的语言环境，更利于语言学习。
2）拓宽视野，学习国外先进的科学技术。
3）传播各民族间的不同文化。
参考词汇：媒介，中间人：mediator
【参考范文】
In recent years, studying abroad has been popular. Tens of thousands of Chinese middle school students have gone to foreign countries to study．Many people are trying their best to apply to go abroad.
There are a number of reasons for attending schools abroad．First, students who are studying abroad can act as mediators between people of different cultures. They can communicate with each other directly and learn about different cultures. Second, they can learn much more advanced knowledge of science and technology from foreign countries and experience different education methods．Third, they live in foreign countries and take classes given by foreign teachers. As a result, they can learn foreign languages much more quickly.
Therefore, it is advisable to attend schools abroad.
4.【练习题目】随着经济和社会的发展，道路上的私人小汽车越来越多。请根据自己的观察和理解，谈谈自己的观点。
【参考范文】
With the fantastic development both in economy and in society in China, the number of people who own private cars is on the rise. Some people have bought cars of their own, and others are planning to buy cars. But I strongly object to the increase in developing private cars.
I hold that automobiles will give rise to a series of problems. In the first place, as more and more cars are produced and run on the road, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. Next, private cars contribute to traffic jams so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom are often cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams. The last problem is the increasing number of car accidents that have killed and will kill a lot of people in a friction of a second.
In a word, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. They drink up huge amounts of fuel and throw out huge amounts of pollutants. Jams waste our precious time. Therefore, I am against developing private cars.
社会见闻类作文800字初二【五】
假期的心情特别好，今天吃过早餐，哼着歌，随着轻快的拍子，走到阳台的摇椅上看起了新闻。
我看到其中的一侧新闻是这样说的：有一个人假期带着年老的母亲去看冰灯，开心地给老母亲拍照片，拍完了，在那检查是否照片虚了时，老母亲要下台阶，她对身边的女孩说：“闺女，能搭把手给我扶着你下这个台阶吗？”女孩伸出胳膊支持老母亲下那个台阶。老母亲谢过后，身后马上传来了女孩的妈妈教育女孩的声音：“老人要是摔倒，我们家就赔惨了。”
看完了这侧新闻我心都寒了，一个个字硬生生地敲着我的好心情。要知道我们中华传统文化就是尊老爱幼，要是没有人帮助老人，就连扶一下老人也怕成那个样子，怕要承担责任，我们现在谁也不敢扶，以后谁还会扶我们呢？
想了一天，我也想不明白，难道一个老人也扶不起吗？正是：爱吾爱，以及人之爱；老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼。
