1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
最近我可是倒霉,喝凉水都塞牙缝...大家看看我倒霉的事情吧!
倒霉事情一:
今天玩梦境,去冲红钻。经过千辛万苦终于冲完了,回去还被老爸老妈臭骂一顿,但一想自己成了红钻。就老高兴了~可是,倒霉先生还是不放过我。来到充值中心,结果系统给我留了这样一句话:您好!您为梦境玩家:wo叫笑笑”充值的10元人民币(100卷因为没有qq充值卡,所以不能正常充值!我滴神啊。。。伤心死了!最后只好冲了qq的黄钻。
倒霉事情二:
今天下午,要去参加同学的生日聚会。所以特地打扮了一下下,想风光风光。结果,倒霉先生还是不放过我,好像必须要我倒霉。倒霉,倒霉,倒霉。我用来买同学生日礼物的钱钱不见了。怎么办?郁闷死了!只好硬着头皮去同学家。说因为钱丢了,所以没买礼物。结果的后果是:这位同学直接把我轰了出来。。。。。
倒霉事情三:
好了好了,晚上了。终于可以看我最爱看了“成龙历险记”了!看完幼稚不过在幼稚的“花园宝宝”成龙历险记要开始了!好了,开始了。刚要欢呼,结果一片漆黑。我以正常人的反义是:停电了!我呆呆的坐在黑暗中。心想:我做错啥事了?为什么那么对我?
4最近很倒霉
这几天好倒霉哦,因为网络坏了,上不了网,没得写了;我也感冒了,打针吃药,好难受哦;客厅的大电视也坏了,收不到台了。
这几天我人一直不舒服,感冒发烧流鼻涕,烧到了39度多,身体好烫哦,人差点儿就被煮熟了,好难受。不过,昨天晚上我去平阳一医看病去了,医生说要打针,我吓得直哆嗦,哭喊着:“我不打针,我不打针!……”不过最后还是打了一针,我发现一点也不疼,我在打针的时候,还听到了有许多小朋友在哭,可我却没哭,我还看着吊瓶里的水是一滴一滴的,像水龙头里没关紧一样,我觉得好有意思哦。
今天早上,家里来了一位叔叔,他提了一捆线到我家里来,帮我把网络修好了,这样子我又可以上网写日记了!
最后,我家客厅的电视,还是收不到台,不知道是什么原因哦,可能是小老鼠把闭路线给咬掉了。
“嗨,最近怎么这么倒霉呀!”这几天我一直把这句话挂在嘴上,你们一听就知道我这一阵子都很倒霉,也不知道是谁把这倒霉运传给了我。
就说前几天吧,我们每天都要默写English课文。在默写的时候,我特别认真,把每个字母都仔仔细细地拼了一遍,我才放心交给了老师。结果批改下来发现email的m被我写成了n,不用说我得了个98分。第二天,我信心满满地写完了,还检查了3遍,自觉这下总没错了。可是老天爷好像在跟我开玩笑,批改下来,又一个句子开头的字母没大写。看着朝我冷笑的98分,我简直欲哭无泪。
好不容易挨到星期五,晚上我完作业,看时间还早,就看起书来,谁知一看就是一本书,什么时候睡得都忘了。第二天早晨,闹钟“叮铃铃”地唱起了起床歌。我还没有睡醒,就不管他三七二十一,继续睡。结果我一睡就睡到7点40分。看到这个着这个时间,我顿时石化。但是我根本没有时间发呆,飞快穿好衣服,也顾不上吃早餐,直奔学校。在校门外看到空无一人的校园,我才发现今天是星期六,不要上学,只好又气喘吁吁地回了家。
星期六下午是我的happy时间,会跟好朋友张健伟去健身广场打篮球。这次也不例外。我们到了篮球场,发现那里已经人山人海。我们好不容易才挤进去,我们不顾危险,在大人周围打篮球。前几分钟,我们打得很放松,但就在这时,一个大人投球,没中,篮球打在篮筐上,又被弹了回来,“咚”的一声,我被打了一个爆头,痛得我“啊啊”直叫,直到现在我的头还感觉到疼。
倒霉运什么时候才会从我的身上搬家。好让我过上几天“好日子!”
冬雪残,春日洒,枯老了一冬天的树上已然出现了绿,软软的,嫩嫩的。我看到它们柔柔的小小的身躯在寒风中咬着牙努力成长。真是春嫩不惧寒啊!我想起了运动会上我满是汗水拖着沉重的步伐冲向终点时的情景。
“要开运动会了,你参加什么节目?”校园中到处都是关于运动会的话语。我被老师报了800米跑。800米!对于我这种每天坐车上学的人,别说跑了,走我恐怕都走不下来!
时间一天天逼近,虽然练了几天,却一点速度都没提上来。老师对我说:别怕,不过800米,不到5分钟而已,不过就是带着一丝寒意的春风。
还是到了这一天。“请参加800米的女生到起点处准备!”我轻轻呼了口气,走向起点。和我一起走的女生竟都是又高又大!望着她们长长的腿,我低头看看自己的腿,叹了口气。唉!我怎么超过她们呀?我小心翼翼地走到我的位置,刚想长呼一口气放松一下心态,可“嘣”一声,枪响了。我被吓得身子一抖,没反应过来发生了什么,看到身边的人都冲了出去,便跟了上去。不到半圈,心中似是被掏空了般,腿脚也轻飘飘的,头却似千斤重,就像头要着地,脚想立起一般。我知道我是太紧张了,告诉自己没事,不到五分钟而已,坚持!腿脚的重量慢慢恢复回来,但却恢复得有点“过”。好重!腿脚竟迈不动了!抬头看一眼前方,那是起点处了。这么半天,只跑了一圈!接下来三圈怎么熬啊!体育老师说过,四圈中第一圈只用60%的力量,第二、三圈可以略微放松,最后一圈要用自己最大的力量,冲向终点。可是我才跑了一圈,就已经很累了。口中一阵腥苦,心中一阵酸苦,仿佛要吐出一口血来。我开始后悔参加800米跑了。“加油!加油!坚持!”我听见鼓声和呐喊声,五十多人大声喊着我的名字,就似那枝干输给绿的营养和水分。尽管绿不想、不敢、不愿意迎接寒风,可枝干猛地输给它营养,它知道它不该浪费了这些营养。冲!可我落下太远,身后没有人,只有前方那么多的背影……
第二圈、第三圈,我始终没有超过任何人,也没被谁超过。又一次经过起点,最后一圈了,此刻我眼前出现了一张软软的大大的床,美美地休息一会儿,睡上一会儿。可再一眨眼,哪里有床?只有无边无际的灰色的地和晕乎乎地看到自己的鞋。我大口大口的喘着气,心仿佛要跳出来。“加油!”一个成熟干练的声音不大不小的叫出来——我最喜欢的老师站在我前方不远处,眼神中满是怜爱与鼓励。这声“加油”似是真的给我这辆车加了油一般,我眼前一亮,加快了步伐。我脑中浮现出刘翔的身影,他仿佛在告诉我他比赛时也非常累,心脏似要跳得把身体捅破。他也要想着自己要超越,但想着的是超越自己,于是便到了终点。我也一样,超越自己就好。眼前的灰中出现了绿!是那冬雪春日中的绿,是咬着牙迎接寒风的绿!绿告诉我应该和它一样咬着牙努力!绿战胜了一切,迎来了春天。
我前面的那个人大口大口喘着气脚步慢下来!我一咬牙,一下子超过了她。我不是最后一名了!我后面还有人!也会有人望着我的背影了!已经有人到了终点,我要努力了!虽不是最早开放的花,却是不被寒风冬雪击跨的千万绿中的一点!
终于,我也开出了花。它不是最美,也不是最早,但却是我心中最珍贵的花。终点,在我身后。
很久以后,每当我想起这个情景,都让我浑身充满力量。学习生活中,也会有勇气和力量挑战困难与挫折。
冬雪残,春日洒,春嫩却不惧寒。绿开出了花,我继续努力!
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
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