“叫猫不是猫,眼被黑圈包,竹叶是粮食,珍贵又稀少。”猜猜这是什么动物呢?没错!谜底就是我们的国宝大熊猫。
大熊猫全身上下只有两种颜色——黑和白。它的脑袋圆圆的,上面顶着一对可爱的小耳朵。一双小小的眼睛周围挂着两个浓浓的黑眼圈,看上去像戴了一幅墨镜。两只黑黑的手臂加上一个白色的胖乎乎的'身体,和一条短小的尾巴,憨态可掬!
如此可爱的大熊猫都生活在哪里呢?大熊猫栖息于气候温凉潮湿,湿度达到80%以上的中国长江上游。它是一种喜湿动物,喜欢把森林茂盛、竹类生长良好、气温相对比较稳定、隐蔽条件好、食物资源和水资源都很丰富的缓坡地形作为自己的栖息地。比如:拗沟、山腹洼地、河谷阶地等。
大熊猫是天生的近视眼,那么它们是用什么来寻找食物的呢?靠灵敏的嗅觉和听觉!大熊猫主食竹子,竹类占它全年主食的99%。其中最喜欢吃的是大箭竹、华西竹等等。大熊猫每天需要花费将近一半的时间进食。一只体重100公斤的成年大熊猫,在春天每一天要花12–16小时,吃掉10-18千克的竹子和竹杆。大熊猫除了爱吃竹子,还有嗜饮的食性。有时为了饮水,它们不惜长途跋涉到很远的山谷中去找水源,一旦找到,便好似一个酗酒的醉汉躺卧溪边,没命畅饮,因此有“熊猫醉水之说”。
熊猫是中国的国宝。首先这和它的生存时间是分不开的。大约在800万年前,大熊猫就已经存在,从800万年前到现在,大熊猫克服了重重困难生存了下来,绝对称的上是“活化石”。从1957年开始,在外交历史上,我国将这一非常珍惜的动物作为一份礼物赠送给其他国家来传达和平友好的信号,在这过程中大熊猫担任着非常重要的角色,为我们外交立下不可磨灭的功劳。
就是这样的国宝大熊猫,现在它的数量已经很少了,目前全世界的大熊猫总数不到1000只,我们要保护生态环境,给大熊猫更多的保护与关爱。
今天我看了《功夫熊猫》,他住在一个叫和平谷的地方,在大家眼里平凡的他最后成了“龙战士”,打败了连他师傅都打败不了的泰龙,真了不起!你一定想知道为什么肥头大耳的熊猫会打败举世无双的泰龙?那我就给你介绍介绍吧。
熊猫阿波是在一家面馆出生的,后来有一天他听说乌龟大师要选“龙战士”了,就爬了很久的楼梯,到了上面去参观。没想到,乌龟大师所选的“龙战士”是阿波,这让大家都吃惊了,特别是浣熊师父。他居然要教一个膘肥体壮、肥头大耳的熊猫!这几天师傅一直在观察他,师傅突然发现阿波在捉拿食物的时候身手很敏捷,就用食物去诱一惑阿波,让他来学功夫,不出几天,他就很厉害了,刚好这时泰龙赶到了,熊猫马上上去迎战,一个巫师指,把泰龙捏死了。
这个功夫是中国的,熊猫也是中国的,为什么会被外国人利用呢?中国人为什么想不出这种点子呢?这个《功夫熊猫》可是当时风靡全球的动画片啊,连我也被震惊了一番,他很绘声绘色的描述了熊猫阿波的传奇故事,真的很厉害呀!可是外国人为什么要采用功夫和熊猫呢?应该是两个中国的东西结合起来会创造出一个很好的故事吧!
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
阿波是一只憨态可鞠,挺着一个肥嘟嘟的大肚子的“懒”熊猫;还有英姿飒爽的蛟虎;挥舞着两把大刀的螳螂;身手敏捷、来去自如的猿猴;腾云驾雾的仙鹤和柔弱无骨的'蛇,他们深受阿波的崇拜;博才睿智、高深莫测的乌龟长老;猎豹大龙虽有盖世神功,但心术不正,狂妄自大想成为一统天下的神龙大侠,得到梦寐以求的秘籍。
熊猫阿波是和平谷里公认的最懒的动物,但他却对武功情有独钟,于是就有了一出出让人捧腹大笑的故事。师傅原先对阿波很有成见,但是乌龟长老却语重心长道:“要学会相信,相信别人,相信自己!”于是师傅试着一步步去相信丝毫不具备武功天赋的阿波,阿波也相信自己,用自己的平淡与勤奋造就了一代大侠,打败了狂妄自大的大龙!
影片中使我深有感触的就是乌龟长老的那句话:“我们要学会相信!”在生活中,我们由于不相信别人,总会遭遇挫折;由于不相信自己,总会与成功擦肩而过,我们要学会相信,相信自己,才能超越自我
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的,他们合着的《关联性:交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面,其影响力已超出了语用学领域,延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解,要正确的理解自然语言,就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联,然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效,其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此,关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
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