aboutasto
getacquire(knowledge/skills
offerafford(jobopportunities
expectanticipatechanges/difficulities
solvetackle/grapplewith
raiseelevate/heighten
mostimportantoverriding/override
combinesynthesize
supportuphold(ournationalvalues
deepen
weak
usetoomuch
becauseof
satisfy
learn
finally
right
know
miss
dotogether
boring
balance
difference
prettybutlessuseful
fresh
happenagain
good
difficult
perfect
urgent
sad
many/toomuch
fast-growing
maketrue
should
control
broadenone’shorizon
spendAonB
AisimportanttoB
finishsthby
decidetodo
sthisimportant
finditdifficulttodofuelvfuelconflictssap/one’sconfidencestretchnaturalresourcestothelimitattributeto/ascribetomeet/begearedtoward+sthdrawonothers’experienceendupdoing/endwithmakesensenaildownpassuppitchinsitthroughequilibriumecologicalequilibriumdistinctionnicetiesnoveltyrecurringpaindesirableundesirable:notgoodchallengingflawlesspressingbittermounting/awealthofburgeoningpopulationfulfillbesupposetoholdfasttoone’sdreamexpandone’soutlookdedicateAtoBAbeanessentialingredientof/bepartandparcelof/bethecornerstoneofBexploreeveryavenuetowardmakeitapointtodobeamilepostinbehard-pressedtodo/haveahardtimedoingsth
conflictbeatoddswith
few/littleverylittle,ifany
opposefrownon
befullofbeinundated/saturatedwith
todoharmtobelikelytofallpreyto/bevulnerableto
concerncausegraveconcern/concernshavearisenabout
meanspelldisaster/troublefor
makesthsthAhasrenderBsth
tootosthhasreachedsuchproportionthat/…tothepointwhere…mostimportantmorethananything,/andaboveall
growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames
seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective
thinksthmostimportantit’shardtooverstatethesignificanceofneedsthnecessitate/entail
bedevotedtobebenton/upon
showmirror/embody
differentthewholespectrumof
turningpointbeawatershed
accordingtointheeyesof
affecthinder
ageera
aimtargetv
andalongwith/aswellas
andsoonthelike
appearmushroom/springup/sproutup
applyputintopractice
askconsult
aspectsphere
attachenclose
attracttempt/appealto
audienceviewer
basisfoundation
beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
becauseofdueto
becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
beforeoriginal
buildfound/putup/shape
buyafford
byoneselfallalone
carefulattentive
causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
cheatingdeception
choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
comeoutcomeforth
complainplaceacomplaintagainst
considerconvince/figureout/givethoughtto
consider…..importantattachimportanceto/laymuchemphasisuponcontinuegoahead
controlinthegripsof
cooperatejoinhandswith
decidedetermine
deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
developcultivate/buildup
difficultybarrier
diligentindustrious
dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
eatlessgoonadiet
emphasisputahighvalueon/treasurev/valuev/cherishv
enablefacilitate
encouragespursbonto/motivate
endangerjeopardize
enforcestrengthen
engagemajorin
enjoybecrazyabout
enlargebroaden
enoughadequate
evaluatespeakhighlyof
explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
fixinginstallation
focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
greatenormous/dramatic
greatprime/utmost
greetingsregards
growflourish
happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
ignoreneglect
illnessdisease
importantessential/vita
improveenhance/boost/upgrade
improvementadvance
ingroupsintwosandthrees
includemakeup
increasesoar
influencemold
intendtargettodosth./bemeanttodointerestedcrazy
interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
likepreference
limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
nothesitatefeelfreetodosth
notknowbeignorantof
number
obvious
occupation
offer
only
outcome
overcome
pass
payattentionto
people
perform
period
议论文的语言严密、准确,概括性很强,往往运用长句(使用修饰语)来阐述。又由于议论文的`逻辑严密,推理合理,因此,其结构非常严谨。为此,分析语言时,要抓修饰限制语,用语法分析法进行剖析。平时,可找出鲁迅先生的议论文进行分析,看其语言有什么特点。
议论文一般只能有一个中心论点,但有的议论文有多个分论点,而没有中心论点。如,巴甫洛夫《给青年们的一封信》就用分论点对青年们提出了希望。
议论文对论点的要求是:正确、鲜明、集中、一致。即作者的立场、观点、态度和方法应正确;赞成什么,反对什么要旗帜鲜明;中心论点只有一个;论点前后要保持一致。
为此,要注意中心论点的这些特点,看中心论点出现的位置。有的议论文中心论点出现在开头,也有的出现在中间和结尾。
文议论的是理。这个理要条例人们认识的实际,生活的实际,要有科学性。这个理本身就得正确,站得住,这样才能使人信服。否则,就很难使人相信。
【例1】
:抛开规定看道德
德是人们一种约定俗成的行为规范,本身就是一种规定。抛开规定,这道德怎么看?所以说这个论点自身就不符合实际。论起来,自是南辕北辙,越扯越远。
【例2】
因为你在痛苦时还会想到,我并不是最痛苦的那一个。一个人,成就的事业越大,他所面对的痛苦也就是会越大。
作者的本意是谈在你痛苦时,你应想到还有比你更痛苦的人,这样,你就会觉得自己的痛苦其实并算不了什么,从而能减轻痛苦的感受。这个提法不错。可是后面一句,将事业的大小与痛苦的大小说成正比关系,这就值得推敲了。显然的是,事业与痛苦,并不存在这样的一种正比关系。
观点需要材料(论据)来论证,材料为证明论点而来。有人形容两者之间的关系,说:观点要从材料中来,到材料中去。显然,这么讲比较形象。在实际的议论文写作中,观点不能从材料中来,也就是说材料不能证明论点的情形,不少。也可以这么讲的就是:观点和材料脱节是议论文写作失败的一个很重要的原因。
【例3】
罗马教会的十字架上绑着一位白发苍苍的老人,底下雄雄烈火无情吞噬着他的躯体。但他大声喊道:‘火可以将我烧死,但不能毁灭真理。后人会了解我的价值!’这位老者就是为真理献出生命的天文学家布鲁诺。历史早已验证了这位老人的话。他经历痛苦取得的价值是使真理在世上永生。
确乎,布鲁诺被火烧死是一种痛苦,可是,这种痛苦的价值更多地在于能说明愚味的可怕,在于说明人类认识真理的不易,而不在于说明使真理在世上永生。
【例4】
有这样一个故事:一个牧师把一张地图从一本书上撕下并撕成碎片,让他不听话的儿子重新拼好。不过,出乎他意料的是他儿子仅用几分钟就完成了。其原因是他的儿子拼的不是地图本身,而是地图背面人的照片。因此有了他儿子这样的一句话:我想如果一个人是正确的,他的世界也就会是正确的。
这个故事给予我一个很大的启示就是只有学会改变自己,才能改变你周围的一切。
就材料本身而言,与启示中改变相关的内容也就仅儿子改变拼图方法这一点,可从这一点上就能得到如此的启示吗?不能。要想得到启示,那就得把故事进行重新叙述。
写景状物是我们最重要的基本功之一。大千世界,万事万物,行诸笔端,拨动读者的心弦。这既是一桩乐事,又是一桩难事。培养这方面的能力,是我们高中阶段写作训练的重要目标。
写景状物指的是对景或物进行描写或叙述。古往今来,有多少大手笔将险峻的高山、湍急的江河定格在文章里.至今还让人久久回味.从他们的描写中,可以感受到太阳的光芒、月亮的清辉、春风的和煦、冬雪的晶莹……在他们的笔下,一个个普通的汉字经过奇妙的组合,带给人们无可言喻的美的享受,而这一切,都来源于“写景状物”。
班级姓名
Rewritethesentences.(注意大小写和标点)
e.g.Thisismydesk.→Isthisyourdesk?Yes,itis./No,itisn’t.
Thesearemypens.→Aretheseyourpens?Yes,theyare./No,theyaren’t.
1.Thisismyschoolbag.(肯定回答)
2.Thesearemybooks.(肯定回答)
3.Thisismypencil.(肯定回答)
4.Thesearemyrulers.(肯定回答)
5.Thisismychair.(肯定回答)
6.Thesearemyrubbers.(否定回答)
7.Thisismybanana.(否定回答)
8.Thesearemypears.(否定回答)
9.Thisismydog.(否定回答)
10.Thesearemyeggs.(否定回答)
议论文有两种议论方式,即立论和驳论。立论是从正面证明所提出的论点。驳论是反驳错误的论点或错误的论据、论证。
以立论为主的议论文很常见,以驳论为主的议论文可参考鲁迅先生的《友邦惊诧论》,看鲁迅先生是怎样反驳论点和论据的。
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