导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
瞥见分数,几家欢喜几家愁。由100分退为98分的孩子,经历亲吻到耳光的奖惩;由55分进步为61分的孩子,感受的则是耳光到亲吻的悲喜。这幅场景,使人会心一笑之余,不由得深思:正常的成绩波动,何以如此强烈地牵动爸妈的情绪?
究其奖惩差别的原因,不过是退步的“好孩子”没有取得满分,而“差孩子”完成了由不及格到及格的飞越。简言之,退步意味着惩罚,进步会换来奖励,对宏观视角下孩子所表现出的稳定水准,爸妈们似乎并未予以考虑。然而,一切教育都是从我们对儿童天性的理解开始,家庭教育在孩童启蒙中的地位尤其无可撼动。如此简单干脆的处理,影响的,岂止孩子稚嫩的脸颊?
今昔求索,这样的案件比比皆是。聚焦新闻,被誉为“东方神童”的魏永康,其母得知他被中科院劝退的消息时,歇斯底里着让他“去死”,却忽略毫无自理能力儿子的内心隐痛;放眼四海,一场考试完结后,多少“进步了重重有奖”的诺言正等待兑现?忽忆起马克·兰博教授的“过度理由效应”:金钱等物质奖励的外在动机,会削弱对活动本身的享受和对满足感的关心。
再将目光转回那两名为成绩左右的孩童,虽不可危言耸听断言他们的未来将拘泥于“蜗角虚名,蝇头微利,算来着甚干忙”的世俗,但在下一场测验中,恐怕除了试题,他们也会投注几分心思在对“糖果”的期待和对“棍棒”的惶恐上。由此推之,岂独两小儿哉?是否千千万万稚子,都不能意识到考试本身“查漏补缺”的效用,而是专注于脑海中爸妈时嗔时悦的脸色,紧张于罅漏中的奖惩?一声长叹。
无论如何,看见孩子无邪天真的笑颜是所有人的心愿,“让孩子拥有快乐童年”的号召亦是无可非议。静言思之,这并非不切实际的虚幻畅想,而是触手可为的动人之举。当面对孩子成绩的55到61,或100至98时,应以“流水不腐,户枢不蠹”的旷达淡然置之。“童子者,人之初也;童心者,心之初也。”李贽绝假纯真的《童心说》中坦率表露了对孩童的欣羡和维护赤子之心的呐喊。而作为家庭教育的施予方,爸妈们可否宠辱不惊,以良好的心态处理望子成才与循序渐进的理性平衡?衷心希望,进步也好,退步也罢,都能看到孩子脸上如花的明艳!
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
画面中,第一个孩子第一次考了100分,得到了表扬,第二次考了98分挨到了耳光;第二个孩子第一次考了55分不及格,受到了批评,第二次考了61分被表杨透过两个孩子得到不同分数后的不同遭遇,我们不禁要感叹:唯分论英雄,功利何其重!
孩子或许能在得满分,有进步时感到成功的喜悦,但当带着惩罚性质的耳光降临,孩子的心中便陡然多了“失败”带来的焦虑与压抑,最终甚至可能导致孩子的心理素质由于这种奖惩的反复而一低再低,对考试畏惧,对成功焦虑。
说到底,这还是爸妈们“唯分论英雄”的功利心态在作祟。心中太过渴求孩子的成功,以致自己先患上了成功焦虑症,还在潜移默化中让孩子也染上这种“病症”:凡事必求完美,即使离完美只差一小步也是失败。长此以往,不管是爸妈还是孩子,都容易急功近利,心态浮躁,更不利于孩子的长远发展。
放眼当下,这种功利心态、焦虑心理也并不少见。茶余饭后,人们津津乐道的总是那些出大名发大财挣大钱的人;毕业生择业先看薪酬再谈兴趣;一些人甚至为名为利不择手段,什么都可以抛弃!
其实追求成功是一种态度,要让这种态度趋于理性平和,而非虚浮躁动。爸妈和孩子都需拥有驾驭心态的能力。
人生须有一颗平常心,在追求中懂得取舍,在纷繁中保持本真,人生一世草木一秋,懂得知足才能快乐,懂得取舍方可轻松。
人生一世当摈除功利之心态永怀淡然之内心,唯有如此才能在纷繁的世俗中不迷失自我。
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