记叙文是靠具体的、生动的形象感人的。换句话说,无论是写人记事,还是状物写景,都应该写得具体生动,有血有肉,如果说来说去就是那么几句空泛的话,是不可能感动人的。记叙描写不具体表现在以下几个方面:①对人物的经历和事件的发展变化过程缺少展示。②对场景、空间的转换所作的叙述和交代模糊。③描写概括空泛,语言空洞无力。
规避策略
①写作之前要对人、事、物、象作深入细致的观察。②写人,必须具体写出人物的外貌、表情、动作、语言等。③写事,要把一件事情写得具体,抓住重点详写。④状物写景,要写出景和物的具体形象,要运用多种描写手段。
技巧运用
【原文片段】
春天的风把我从睡梦中吹醒,不知何时学校变得非常美丽了,校园里增添了假山、喷泉,使我们感受到校园的诗情画意。
【评析】
作者在写校园的变化及对变化的感受,整体读来显然比较空泛,它的“非常美丽”、“诗情画意”,都没有在文章中加以具体落实,只是一个模糊的大概的轮廓。
【升格片段】
花丛吹过细碎的风,我从沉醉中醒来,身边是婆娑的树影、柔软的草丝、清朗的月光、昏黄的灯饰,这实在是一种人间稀有的遏合,一场永不会再现的梦境。不知何时,干荒的土地上增添了几分盎然的绿意,简单的风景素描里多了几许浓郁的色彩。同时,绛紫色的暮霭投驻在静谧的校园中,融成一份永远无法触及的美丽,假山池中的泉涌喷薄而出化作无数繁星,那一刻,我就像是在猝然之间领受了沛然的气势,在静僻之中撞见绝美的音符,倍感充盈、饱满和安详。
【评析】
很明显,修改稿具体得多,不仅写了“细碎的风”、“婆娑的树影”、“柔软的草丝”、“清朗的月光”、“昏黄的灯饰”等具体可感的事物,而且也写了自己独特的感受,这样整段文章便给人一种厚实的感觉。
平铺直叙是许多同学记叙文写作的一个通病,不少考生写记叙文,论速度,可谓一挥而就;论文句,可谓明白晓畅,可就是没有令人回味无穷、拍案叫绝的情节。这样的记叙文既无法使阅卷者产生“山重水复疑无路”的困惑,也无法使阅卷者产生“柳暗花明又一村”的惊喜,如一马平川,一览无余,易使人产生味同嚼蜡的感觉,因而不能引起读者的阅读兴趣。造成这种情况的原因主要是写作者缺少精巧而耐人寻味的构思艺术。
规避策略
①在记叙文写作中,将以叙述为主变为以描写为主。②将简单叙事转为情景对话。③在矛盾将要解决或事情发展的关键时刻设一个坎儿,令人出乎意料。④可采用插叙的手法,在大故事中套着小故事,使得文章容量增大,内容充实,富于变化。
技巧运用
【原文片段】
在生活中同学之情最美。校园里有许多动人的情景,让人难以忘记。有一次,下雨天,我没有带雨伞,我拼命向食堂方向跑去,大雨淋湿了我的全身。这时,一个不认识的同学,马上跑过来,为我撑起雨伞,我们一起走向食堂。我非常感动,我觉得同学之情是世上最美的情感。
【评析】
这里写的同学之情,完全是以叙述为主的流水账,平铺直叙,没有波澜,读来没有一丝滋味,毫无趣味可言。
【升格片段】
仲夏的天气就像娃娃的脸说变就变,瓢泼大雨驱走了一天的燥热,却带来了我的愁绪。我看着一时不会停下的大雨,无奈地叹气,当我打算冲出教学楼的刹那,头顶突然移来了一方蓝天。我下意识地回头看去,是一个陌生的同学正在为我撑着伞。她向我笑了笑,在涌动的人流中,显得如此温和、柔美。雨水沿着失去平衡的雨伞流到她的肩上,淋湿了她单薄的校服。两个陌生的女孩,一把失去平衡的蓝色雨伞,还有那倾盆的大雨,交织在一起显得那样和谐,那是校园里最美丽的风景。
【评析】
修改之后的文字,把以叙述为主变为以描写为主,将单纯的叙述转为情景的展现,先写天气的变化,再写“我”的无奈,然后写同学的帮助和“我”的惊喜,这样,情节就有了曲折和波澜,文章也就变得更加引人人胜了。
兔子课上,五(2)班王军同学练习跳远时,不小心把脚扭伤了,不能动弹。只见他手指着右脚,咬着牙说:“疼……疼死我了。”几个身高体壮的男生七手八脚地把他抬出沙坑,小心翼翼地脱下他的鞋袜一看,啊,脚腕已经肿了起来,并且青里透紫地出现了淤血,王军也由于疼痛而汗珠直淌。大家一下子都慌了,有的说:“快送医院吧。”有的说:“快打电话通知他爸妈吧。”更有心急的同学,上前就要为他按摩,恨不得一下子把那个大肿包给揉下去。
就在大家手忙脚乱,心急火燎的时候,兔子王老师却镇定自若。他制止了要给王军按摩的同学,对大家说:“刚刚扭伤,绝不可以乱动,大家听我布置:冯旭——马上去医务室请校医,并让她带一卷绷带来;肖鹏——你劲大,把王军背到水池边。”肖鹏在老师的协助下,小心翼翼地把王军背到了水池边。同学们也一齐围了过来。
老师边用水池中的冷水冲洗王军扭伤的脚,边告诉我们,这是防止继续瘀血。一会儿,校医李老师来了,用绷带把王军脚腕上部缠紧。兔子老师又告诉我们,这是不让肿胀再扩散。然后,他又叮嘱王军把脚架在高处,保证血液回流疏通。看着老师熟练的操作,听着那头头是道的讲解,再看王军减轻了痛苦的表情,大家都长吁了一口气,一齐向老师投去了敬佩的目光。这时,王老师又推来一辆自行车,让王军坐在后车架上,和校医一起把他送到医院去做进一步检查治疗。
这堂课上得可真有价值,不光锻炼了身体,还增加了急救知识。事后连受伤的王军都开玩笑说:“用我身体的疼痛为你们换来了急救知识,值——”从此,大家更佩服体育王老师了。
兔子课上,五(2)班王军同学练习跳远时,不小心把脚扭伤了,不能动弹……
要求:
1、根据提供的'情节,联系自身的生活实际展开想象,续写一篇记叙文。题目《脚扭伤之后》。
2、先确定作文的中心,把和中心关系密切的资料写具体。
提示:面对省略号,我们可以引发许多想象。可以想象王军当时痛苦的样子,以和师生的关心;可以想象师生怎样送他上医院治疗,怎样送他回家;还可以想象,王军休养期间同学们怎样探望,怎样协助他补课;还可以想象不知姓名的司机,怎样帮同学们把王军送往医院;也可以想象王军休养期间不忘班集体,为班级出力量……可想象的内容太多了!同学们要抓住“脚扭伤之后”来展开合理想象,会续写出一篇好文章的。在想象时,一定要注意“合理”,也就是要切合文中所给情节的实际,切合同学们生活的实际。不合情理地“胡编”,会违背了练习续写的意图。
选择怎样的资料要先确定文章的中心。是要赞扬同学之间的友情呢,还是赞颂老师对学生的爱,或是要反映改革大潮中人的真情……中心确定之后,围绕中心去想象,把和中心有关的内容想具体,写具体就行了。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
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