导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
在我家门前有一条小小的河,这条小河叫做"天桥"。记得小的时候,大概是六岁的时候,每天吃完晚饭过后,我便会独自一个人跑到家的楼顶,高高地站在楼顶上边,俯望着家门前"天桥"岸上的竹林。高高望去,这一排排的翠竹,像是一道天然的守护屏障一样,坚固地伫立在河岸上,守护着这一条源远流长的河流,让河流周围的一切生物在这里繁衍后代,营造了一副生机勃勃的景象。当夕阳从西边照在这一排排的绿竹上时,它们便会倒映在河面上,犹如是闪闪发光的一把把亮剑,有时候,看上去显得格外耀眼,格外的夺目。清晨的时候,亮晶的露珠落在了翠竹的叶子上,像是给翠竹注上了一种活沃的能量济,让绿竹显得更加翠绿,好像越长越年轻似的。它们总是高高地伫立在河岸上,常年都是那么的葱绿,富有旺盛的生命力,看着它们这一片翠林,真是让人神清气爽,宜人心境。
家乡的竹林可是能够给家乡人带来各种各样不同的用处,竹子可以做雕塑,还可以用来煮饭,竹叶可以用来包棕子和点心,竹笋更是可以用来送饭可见这竹子全身都是宝啊,把它最好的一切全都献给了我们的家乡人。在竹子辉煌的生命当中,它一直以以顽强的生命力著称,不管是在河边,还是在石缝间,不论是在草皮还是水泥地上,它们都能够以顽强的生命力,在上面破土而出,笔直地长着它们的身体。在我看来,它们就像是荒漠沙园的英勇勇士,无畏任何风吹雨打,无畏刮风下雪,它们总是高高地伫立在那里,永远都那么直,永远都那么绿。
从爸爸口中知道了,原来竹子有这么强的'生命力是有原因的。竹子在泥土里的根又多又密,这些根深深地扎根在了泥土当中,这些根就像它的手脚一样,牢牢地被绑住了在地底里,因此,竹子才能有这么强的生命力,不管在哪里,在任何环境当中,它们总是能够坚强地生长,一直才那么直,那么绿。
现在回想起家乡的竹林,我觉得我的心情就像是竹子扎根在泥土当中的根一样,那一片竹林已经深深地扎根在了我的内心,让我感慨万千,思绪潮涌。
我爱你!家乡河边的竹林。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1.不分白天和黑夜地工作,连休息天也不例外;
2.星期天也来学校上班;
3.忘记了自己的生日;
4.白发过早地爬上了他的双鬓,皱纹布满了他的前额;
(以上表现老师的辛勤工作)
5.下课时,把学生叫到办公室来喝水;
6.下课时,总是喜欢摸摸学生的头,帮学生系好衣扣;
7.学生生病,当天就去探望,还送去水果和点心;
8.学生家长出差,就让学生住到自己的家里;
9.学生生日时,花钱给学生送礼品;
10.自己生病了,就在医院给学生写信,关心学生的学习和进步;
11.学生家中贫困,老师就自己给学生垫付学费;
(以上表现老师爱生如子的高尚品质)
12.她的课是学生最喜欢听的;
13.她备课非常认真,备课本上总是写得满满的;
14.老师经常给我们讲课本以外的内容和知识,来扩大我们的'知识面;
15.他鼓励我们看课外书,还经常把一些好书介绍给我们;
16.他大胆地进行教学改革,上课的形式很新颖;17.他经常开展一些活动,来提高我们的学习兴趣;
(以上表现老师不断进取,敬业爱职)
18.他不仅指导我们学习文化知识,同时也教我们如何做人;
19.老师开展了一系列的德育活动,来提高我们的道德修养;
20.班级里发生了什么违规违纪的事情,他总是抓住不放,及时地进行教育;
21.他积极地与家长进行联系;
22.老师通过各种方式在不同的场合对学生进行思想品德教育;
23.他给我们补充了许多品德教育的材料,让我们记下来,并且要求背诵。高考
(以上表现老师注重对学生的品德教育)
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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