1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
今天,我们班的眼保健操扣了分,受到了老师的严厉批评。
我有些不满,懊恼是哪个检查的人和我们班过不去,可是念一想,这能怪那个检查员吗?不能。如果我们每一个人都认真地做了眼保健操,那么检查员会故意和我们班过不去以至于扣我们的分吗?
找来找去,原来不怪别人,原因在于自己,我们自己没有认真做,没有认真地去看待眼保健操,甚至有些人根本没做,当然会被扣分。换做我是那个检查员,看了这种情况,我也会扣分的。
开始写检讨时,我边写边觉得老师这样做不公平,是啊,我每次都认真做了,为什么扣分时我还要写呢?当我想到集体二字时,我终于明白了,班级就是一个大集体,如果每个人干每个人的事,那么集体就团结不起来,光自己做好是不够的,还要让更多的人做好,只有做到这样,班风才会好起来,整个集体才会团结起来。
一个人来号召领导是带动不了五十二个人的,就像拉车一样,如果只有一个人在前面拉,那么,就会觉得很吃力,但如果多数的人在前面拉,车子才能够快起来,才能起到团结的作用。只有大多数人团结起来,努力做好榜样,才会带动其他人,这不就是集体二字的含义吗?
我仔细回忆着,的确,我是认真做了,但是,当时教室很吵,一个星期下来都很吵,但我并没有阻止,只是做着我应该做的,继续让教室吵下去。现在想起来是多么不应该啊,且不说我是班干部,就算是班级中的一员,也应该想到要阻止一下说话的人,起一下带头作用吧!
这次的扣分责任不全在说话的人,也不全在于没有阻止他们说话的人,更不在于检查员,这次的责任是我们全班都要来承受的',要让我们都认识到这并不是一件小事。
分已经扣了,没有机会再去挽回了!但是扣分也未必是件坏事,它带给我们的虽然有失落和郁闷,但它给我们全班敲响了警钟,也让我明白了集体的重要性。
也许,如果没有这次扣分,我就不会自我反思,重新认识一些道理;也许,没有这次扣分,我怎么也不会明白集体的重要,不会知道自己犯了什么错误,如果不是这次扣分指出了我的错误,我就会一而再,再而三地犯下去,终而误了大事。
扣分并不重要,重要的是你是否在这次的扣分中明白了什么道理,如果不吸取经验教训,那么扣分不也是白扣?
不要用一种愤怒和烦恼的心态去面对扣分,也许有时,扣分也未必是件坏事。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
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