3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
Dear boss,
I am a new arrival of the company. I really
appreciate that you give me the chance to work here, and I will try my
best to finish all my jobs. Besides I have some small requests. First, I hope you can increase my salary if I make a great contribution to the company. Second, I hope the company can give us more chance to improme ourselve, such as professional training and going abroad for further study. Last but not least, I have a family, so I don't want to work overtime or be on a business trip frequently.
I wish a happy work here.
Yours sincerely,
xxx
Dear sir,
Last year I bought a refrigerator in your store on Chang An road. We all like the shape and colour of the refrigerator. But recently I find something is wrong with it. It begins to make noise when it is turned on.
At first it is low but gradually it becomes louder and louder. To make the matter worse, it even stops working sometimes. We all feel disappointed with. I am writing to you to ask for help. Would you please send somebody to repair it. I will be at home this weekend. Please call me before you come.
My telephone number is 6606.5531. Thank you very much.
Customer
Li Ming
dear
We didn't know much about each other twenty years ago. We were guided by our intuition; you swept me off my feet. It was snowing when we got married at the Ahwahnee. Years passed, kids came, good times, hard times, but never bad times.
Our Love and respect has endured and grown. We've been through so much together and here we are right back where we started 20 years ago-older, wiser-with wrinkles on our faces and hearts. We now know many of life's joys, sufferings, secrets and wonders and we are still here together.
My feet have never returned to the ground.
xxx
20xx年xx月xx日
我们兴致勃勃得吃完了早餐,本来说好了去著名的玉苍山玩,但是突如其来的台风使我们不得不去其他地方玩。 于是我们大家就去我的家乡“巴曹”的一座公园玩,虽然车上人很多很挤,但是我们大家都很愉快。一路上,我们有说有笑,还看到了无边的'大海,海边挺着无数轮船,每只船上都插着一面鲜艳的五星红旗,远远望去,就像一只红色的龙,使我们眼花缭乱。到了公园门口,我们下了车,没想到大雨倾盆,我们只好在收费站旁边躲雨。等雨停了,我们的肚子也都饿了,外婆见山路很划,就叫我们回去。 于是我们就去镇上吃饭,菜很丰盛,我们吃得津津有味。吃完了饭,我们就又坐车回来了。
今天一大早我就去游泳,我在水里活泼乱蹦。
今天上午我和灿灿抓蝴蝶,左看看,右看看,左抓抓,右跳跳,在蝴蝶的世界里,我活泼乱蹦。
我跟灿灿跑进树林,睡在吊床上,走进蝴蝶美丽的世界。
我在草坪里,树林里,活泼乱蹦地抓蝴蝶。就在这时,我看到一个小朋友也在捉蝴蝶,看到他嘴上全是冰激凌,在心里我哈哈大笑。他爸爸看到赶紧给他擦嘴。我又带小朋友走到生态园的广场,我要玩单杠,他也要玩,可是上不来,在我心里又哈哈大笑,把他气的活泼乱蹦
今天,有几个活泼乱蹦啊?有那多的活泼乱蹦,我都数不清了。
Hey dear
it has been such a long time since we met each other and it is unbelievable that we have gone through so much during the time. I want to thank you. Thank you for your loving kiss, caring hugs and all you thoughtfulness.
Thank you for endeavouring to make our lives and home better. I love you more and more day by day.
The luckiest thing is that you are the first one i see after i wake up every morning and the last one i see before i go into sleep at night. I do wish nothing could tear us apart.
xxx
20xx年xx月xx日
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