说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物,阐明事理的`一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性,给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类,词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。
按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型
1.例证法 2.定义法 3.分类法 4.因果关系法 5.比较对照法 6.过程分析法
1.例证法
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出"我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源"。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。
2.定义法
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展开是通过对"一个模范教师"下定义的方法,关键词"ideal teacher"在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。
3.分类法
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservative people、自由派(liberal people和温和派(moderate people,并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。
4.因果关系法
Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后, 作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。
5.比较对照法
I like having a twin sister. When she's happy, I'm happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she's going to say. Sometimes, I know what she's thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
这段采用AB交错的比较方式,阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然,给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。
6.过程分析法
There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first, second, third, finally的使用加强了语句的连贯性。
Exercises
例1 请根据Wang Hua 在学骑自行车时的几个步骤,写一篇短文,说明他是任何学会骑自行车的.
参考词汇: handle-bars 自行车把手 pedal 踏板 saddle 车座
Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Let’s watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the bicycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward.
例2
请写一篇短文介绍如何乘坐伦敦地铁.
内容提示如下:
1. 在售票处(booth购买辅币(token需30便士.
2. 在入口处将辅币投入狭孔(slot,你就可以走下地铁.
3. 在站台等车时,要站在白线以外.注意你要去的方向.不要站错站台.
4. 上下车应迅速,因为车门关闭很快.地铁内规定不准吸烟.
注意:短文的意思要连贯. 字数:100个左右.
If you want to travel by underground in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance, you can walk down the stairs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground.
例3
家用电脑体积下,价格低,造型优美,简单易用,使用方便,灵活;可用于计算,记事,打电话,打印信件;儿童可用它来学英语,做游戏. 你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机;为将来寻找工作提供便利;电脑工作比人快数百倍;我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助. 请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文. 字数120左右.
A Family Computer
A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by
computers.
例 4
请以The Importance of Trees 为题写一篇短文,说明保护森林的必要性.
1. 说明树木的主要用途:提供木材;吸水,防止水灾,旱灾;净化空气,美化生活.
2. 滥伐树木的危害;无计划砍伐造成水土流失,土壤沙化,造成水灾.
3. 每年都应植树造林,使其为人类更好服务等等.
字数:100左右.
As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First, trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life.
Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importance of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They don’t know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods.
We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever.
例 5
根据下表格提供的信息,请你推荐两本学中文的词典.
Dear Steve,
I’m pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yuan, and XD costs 11 yuan.
Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries.
Yours, Li Yua
平衡,一个非常平凡且通俗易懂的词。可是就是这个普普通通的词却成为了二十一世纪人们讨论的最热火朝天的话题之一。现在人们所关注的平衡问题便是社会平衡问题和环境平衡问题,这两个平衡问题之间是有着密密切切的联系的。看上一句我们也可以知道大概的了,环境问题是由社会问题而带来的。
二十一世纪,我国乃至整个世界的科技发展速度日益蓬勃。社会在发展,必定就会排放出一些不有利于环境的污染物。这个就是导致社会平衡和环境平衡的主要原因。
其实生活中的几乎每一样东西都是由人们破坏环境而得来的,俗话说的好,有得必有失。这句话说的一点都不错,要想得到什么东西。这里的东西就比如人们的一些享受用品,汽车,木椅,木沙发等等…。就必须得失去一些什么东西。这里的东西就比如被人们所伤害的一些自然物质,树木,土地,空气等等…既然这样,那我们到底应该怎样才能既保持社会平衡又保持生态平衡呢?先举一些现在人们正在实施的保护吧!
用广告来警戒人们必须要来保护环境平衡虽然对于现在来说算是一种高端的保护方式了,可是,做了这么多的广告。貌似并不是那么的特别奏效,人们依然是浪费纸张,浪费水资源,污染空气。
我上次看到的一个广告,做得确实很好。这个广告的背景主要就是一个笔画的卡通人物做主题,第一个场景是在它的面前蹦出来了一棵大树。枝叶茂盛,可是被那个卡通人物一撇撇成两半。在那之后,它便拿起刚刚它所谓的“劳动成果”来吃饭。饭吃完了,那是第二个场景了。一个你们都见过的家庭里很常见的一种装面巾纸的纸盒子来,那人物从里面抽了一片绿茵茵的树叶出来擦了刚刚吃了饭的油腻的嘴巴。擦完之后,这是第三个场景,又蹦出来了一颗朝气蓬勃的小树枝。那卡通人物又将那枝小树枝上撇了变成了牙签,又在添牙齿。这个广告就大大的反映了当今社会大多数人的基本行为,并警告人们,如果再这么下去的话,那么社会平衡和环境平衡一定会失去协调的.。
好了,再说下一个。现在大家可以去每一个公园去看一看,你们不难在草坪上看到这样的标语:小草也有生命,请爱惜。这个保护措施,如果乍一眼一看的话。是感到非常的有效,人们就会觉得这一定得绕道走,不可以随意践踏草坪。可是时间一长,就是真的不凑效了。甚至有人在白天的时候买了扑克牌,找了块平坦无坑的绿茵茵的草地坐下来打牌。这个不仅侵犯了环境平衡还给人们带来一种非常不良好的影响。
现在总结一下了,以上我说的两种办法是现在人们保护环境平衡的两种最广也是最凑效的两种办法。只是对于其他的办法来言比较凑效而已。虽然说社会平衡发展和环境平衡发展很难,可是就算两者不可以平衡,我们也必须尽到我们最大的平衡去让它平衡。这样我们慈祥和蔼的地球母亲才会感觉到舒服不是吗?何乐而不为呢?
在我们的生活里平衡,处处都存在平衡。并不单单我刚才说的社会和环境之间不平衡,而是很多方面都是同理。所以,只有平衡,生活才能更加的美好!让我们一起为了我们同一个家园一起担当起自己的一份可以承担的责任吧,相信地球母亲终会从现在的社会和环境不平衡慢慢走向社会与环境平衡。对啊,平衡在其中!
电脑
五年级 陈丽媛
提起电脑,相信大家都非常熟悉。电脑又叫电子计算机。如今,随着科技的发展,电脑已走进千家万户。
电脑一般分为两大类;一类是个人电脑,个人电脑有台式的,笔记本的,最新式的是平板的。另一类是超级电脑,每秒的运算速度在亿次以上,主要用在银行、科研、军事等方面。
电脑由硬件系统和软件系统组成。电脑的硬件系统主要由主机、显示器、键盘、鼠标、音箱、摄像头等组成。主机就是电脑的主管,就像我们的头脑,控制着电脑每天的工作。显示器就像我们的眼睛,把所有工作的成果展示给我们看。键盘上有26个英文字母键,方向键,数字键和几个重要按键,是电脑主要的输入设备。鼠标就像一只老鼠似的扒在桌子上,可是作用非常大,可以灵活地指挥各种应用程序。音箱可以带领我们进入美妙的音乐世界。摄像头可以让我们足不出户,与世界各地的人们交流。电脑的软件系统分为两类;一类是操作系统软件,主要有windows操作系统和Linux操作系统等,最原始的是dos操作系统。它们是计算机底层的系统软件,负责管理、调度、指挥计算机的软硬件资源使其协调工作,没有它,任何计算机都无法正常运行。它在资源使用者和资源之间充当中间人的角色,举个例子,一个用户(也可以是程序)将一个文件存盘,操作系统就会开始工作:管理磁盘空间的分配,将要保存的信息由内存写到磁盘等。当用户要运行一个程序时,操作系统必须先将程序载入内存,当程序执行时,操作系统会让程序使用CPU。另一类是应用软件,可以办公,也可以游戏,还能保证安全等等。
电脑的用途很多:可以上网,例如聊天、发邮件、听音乐,玩游戏、登Q、查资料等;可以管理资料,比如学校的图书室里的电脑是用来登记图书借出去情况的;可以记帐,比如超市里的计算机,就是拿来记帐的;还可以控制生产,比如水泥厂里的电脑能自动控制生产。瞧,电脑真是各方面的能人!
电脑与人们的生活息息相关,让人们的生活变得更美好。
指导老师 林蔚文
人们总说,万物是平衡的。春夏秋冬,是四季的平衡;晴雨霜雪,是天气的平衡;日月轮回,是时间的平衡。它象一阵风,发现不了,又随处可见。而我们日复一日地活着,就是为了寻找万物,寻找平衡。
寻找平衡在路上。那或许是有人向你伸出求助之手时,你递给他的一枚含着爱的余温的硬币;或许是一位盲人无法走到马路对面去而陷入窘境时,你伸出传承爱的双手,然后扶他走过一段短短的路程;或许是有人正要坐在正布满灰尘的公共坐椅上时,你阻止了他,然后递上一张洁白的纸巾。一言一行,一点一滴,透露着人与人之间的平衡。
寻找平衡在行动中。那或许是你去郊外野炊时,将生活垃圾随身带走;或许是去餐饮店就餐时,少使用一个塑料饭盒;或许是你无意中发现一只小鸟在窗口无力地拍打着翅膀时,为它疗伤,然后将它放归自然。一举一动,一言一行,透露着人与自然之间的平衡。
寻找平衡在行动中。那或许是你去图书馆是,保护好每一本书,当发现书有破损时,将它带回家补好,默默地为图书馆作一次护书员;或许是在超市购买水果时,正确选择,当发现自己不需要水果时能够及时的返回“水果坊”,并将它及时倒回原处,而不是随意地藏在某个角落;或许是在使用公用电话时,能轻轻地说,而不是乱吼乱叫,大声呼喊,影响他人。一眼一情,一言一行,透露着人与社会的平衡。
当我们在路上去寻找平衡,会发现我们还缺少平衡;当我们在行动中去寻找平衡,会发现我们仍忽视平衡;当我们在行动中寻找平衡,会发现我们必须要从自己作起。而在寻找平衡的过程中,我们会不会发现人性本身的缺点呢?私心、贪婪、霸气、自大,正是这些造成了我们今天的失衡。阿基米德曾经说过:“给我一个支点,我将撬起整个地球。”而我想说,当我们能反思并重新找回平衡点是,能撬起的不仅仅只是我们地球!
© 2022 xuexicn.net,All Rights Reserved.