思想政治课中的材料,也是论据(为什么),包括事实论据、道理论据。它与观点的逻辑关系十分密切,材料的论据作用是十分明显的,由于它与论证过程联系得十分紧密而不容易辨认。在课堂教学中,老师首先要帮助学生熟悉所述材料,帮助学生学会分析材料。然后,帮助他们概括出材料本身所隐含的道理。再由他们联系社会生活中相应的事实,检验这一道理和文章的观点在逻辑上是否一致。检验这些道理是不是能够证明论点。
电脑
五年级 陈丽媛
提起电脑,相信大家都非常熟悉。电脑又叫电子计算机。如今,随着科技的发展,电脑已走进千家万户。
电脑一般分为两大类;一类是个人电脑,个人电脑有台式的,笔记本的,最新式的是平板的。另一类是超级电脑,每秒的运算速度在亿次以上,主要用在银行、科研、军事等方面。
电脑由硬件系统和软件系统组成。电脑的硬件系统主要由主机、显示器、键盘、鼠标、音箱、摄像头等组成。主机就是电脑的主管,就像我们的头脑,控制着电脑每天的工作。显示器就像我们的眼睛,把所有工作的成果展示给我们看。键盘上有26个英文字母键,方向键,数字键和几个重要按键,是电脑主要的输入设备。鼠标就像一只老鼠似的扒在桌子上,可是作用非常大,可以灵活地指挥各种应用程序。音箱可以带领我们进入美妙的音乐世界。摄像头可以让我们足不出户,与世界各地的人们交流。电脑的软件系统分为两类;一类是操作系统软件,主要有windows操作系统和Linux操作系统等,最原始的是dos操作系统。它们是计算机底层的系统软件,负责管理、调度、指挥计算机的软硬件资源使其协调工作,没有它,任何计算机都无法正常运行。它在资源使用者和资源之间充当中间人的角色,举个例子,一个用户(也可以是程序)将一个文件存盘,操作系统就会开始工作:管理磁盘空间的分配,将要保存的信息由内存写到磁盘等。当用户要运行一个程序时,操作系统必须先将程序载入内存,当程序执行时,操作系统会让程序使用CPU。另一类是应用软件,可以办公,也可以游戏,还能保证安全等等。
电脑的用途很多:可以上网,例如聊天、发邮件、听音乐,玩游戏、登Q、查资料等;可以管理资料,比如学校的图书室里的电脑是用来登记图书借出去情况的;可以记帐,比如超市里的计算机,就是拿来记帐的;还可以控制生产,比如水泥厂里的电脑能自动控制生产。瞧,电脑真是各方面的能人!
电脑与人们的生活息息相关,让人们的生活变得更美好。
指导老师 林蔚文
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
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