第一,进行“体式”训练,迅速掌握几种常用体式。如证明式、阐释式、读后感、评论式(文学评论、思想评论、批驳式,不怕形成套路。像写作证明式的议论文,可按照提出问题(提出中心论点、分析问题(围绕中心论点从事理两方面选择论据进行论证、解决问题(根据论证推导或归纳出结论的结构行文,使学生掌握基本框架,了解怎么写。
第二,强化对考生的思辨能力特别是辩证思维能力的训练。近两年的高考作文,十分注重考查学生的思辨能力。训练学生的思辨能力以发展的联系的观点,对事物进行理论与实践、主观与客观、知与行、对立与统一、外因与内因、现象与本质、量变与质变、主流与支流、局部与整体、全面与片面、宏观与微观等等关系分析。训练学生多向思维、逆向思维,例如让学生对“位置与价值”、“入乎其内,出乎其外”、“忘记与铭记”等等进行辩证思考。
第三,训练选材能力。拒绝不健康的材料,避开人人都知道的材料,摒弃老掉牙的材料,点石成金翻新旧材料,巧妙使用教材上的材料,摘录报刊杂志上的鲜活材料,收集自己周围的'新材料,使作文材料新颖别致,论证力强。
第四,巧妙构思,快速入题。议论文要做到围绕中心论点论证深刻,就必须注意构思。一般来说,当一个题目、一个话题或一则材料摆在我们面前时,我们在审题之后,就应迅速确立一个中心论点或拟出一个论题,然后根据已确立的中心论点或论题,提出问题,先问它一个“为什么”(或“什么是”,再问它一个“如何”(或“怎样”,这样思路就打开了,就能快速入题了。例如XX年高考山东卷作文要求以“双赢的智慧”为话题写一篇文章。阅读了提供的材料、话题及要求后,确定写议论文,中心论点定为:双赢,一种人伦的智慧之美。接着提问:为什么说“双赢是一种人伦的智慧之美”?然后从事实和理论两个方面选择论据回答清楚这个问题。这样,既打开了思路,又未曾跑题,真正是有话可说,有文章可做了。当然,上面说到的发问方式,可部分用,亦可全部用,应视具体情况灵活掌握。
第五,拟出鲜明突出的论点,造成“先声夺人”之效。XX年的语文《考试说明》对作文基础等级的要求之三是“感情真挚,思想健康”,强调作者行文首先要写真情,只有“真挚”,才能有真正的“健康”。就议论文而言,鲜明的观点就是作者真情的表露。“突出”,就是在文章的显要位置把论点摆出来,使之先声夺人,使阅卷者一目了然,印象深刻。
第六,扣紧论题,充分说理。扣紧论题,是指用论据证明论点时要有针对性,二者之间的联系是直接的紧密的证明与被证明的关系,论据所阐述的内容,必须是围绕论题展开并扣合论点的。充分说理即既摆事实,又讲道理。
第七,训练灵活地运用论证方法,使说理深刻透彻。写作议论文主要运用的论证方法有:喻证法、类比法、例证法、引证法、分析法、对比法、层进法、反证法、矛盾法、归谬法等。恰当地、灵活地运用一些论证方法会使文章观点更鲜明,议理更显力度。
第八,在语言“文”起来上下功夫。写作议论文想要在高考中立于不败之地——获高分或满分,精心组织语言很重要。语言要有文采,议论过程中必须适时引用成语以求精炼,引用名句以求深刻,引用诗词以显别致,引用俗语以求风趣诙谐,引用文言以表庄重严肃,借助生活用语(社会时尚语言以示幽默;运用比喻以表生动形象,采用整句以求气势,运用排比以示有力,采用对偶以求整饬;长短结合荡气回肠,繁简搭配疏有致。朴实、优美的语言见作者的文化底蕴,写作议论文如果能言美意无穷,一定会受阅卷者的青睐。
写作议论文的方法技巧很多,笔者从高考实战出发列举了以上八个方面,以供考生参考。
双关是利用语义或语音上的条件,有意使语句同时兼有两种意思,恰当的使用双关,既可以使语言风趣幽默,又可以适应某种特殊语境的需要,使语言表达含蓄曲折、生动活泼,以增强文章的表现力。
示例
《北京 “风”情》
《生命“诚”可贵》
《减负不能随意减“副”》
1 A good case in point is ...
2 As an illustration, we may take ...
3 Such examples might be given easily.
4 ...is often cited as an example.
列锦,就是只用名词或名词短语而不用动词、动词短语或连词来摹景叙事、抒情言志,给人一种似断实连、貌离神合的跳跃感,从而构成一副生动感人画面的修辞方法。
示例
《那山,那月,那人》
《情感·认知·文化》
《米粒·谷粒·血汗》
对偶从形式上看,对仗工整,韵律优美,节奏感强,从内容上看,凝练集中,概括力强。标题用对偶的形式也能达到出奇制胜的效果。
示例
《黛玉义救雪地翁,宝钗难掩利己心》
《一点浩然气 千里快哉风》
《跳出枷锁,创造风格》
aboutasto
getacquire(knowledge/skills
offerafford(jobopportunities
expectanticipatechanges/difficulities
solvetackle/grapplewith
raiseelevate/heighten
mostimportantoverriding/override
combinesynthesize
supportuphold(ournationalvalues
deepen
weak
usetoomuch
becauseof
satisfy
learn
finally
right
know
miss
dotogether
boring
balance
difference
prettybutlessuseful
fresh
happenagain
good
difficult
perfect
urgent
sad
many/toomuch
fast-growing
maketrue
should
control
broadenone’shorizon
spendAonB
AisimportanttoB
finishsthby
decidetodo
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finditdifficulttodofuelvfuelconflictssap/one’sconfidencestretchnaturalresourcestothelimitattributeto/ascribetomeet/begearedtoward+sthdrawonothers’experienceendupdoing/endwithmakesensenaildownpassuppitchinsitthroughequilibriumecologicalequilibriumdistinctionnicetiesnoveltyrecurringpaindesirableundesirable:notgoodchallengingflawlesspressingbittermounting/awealthofburgeoningpopulationfulfillbesupposetoholdfasttoone’sdreamexpandone’soutlookdedicateAtoBAbeanessentialingredientof/bepartandparcelof/bethecornerstoneofBexploreeveryavenuetowardmakeitapointtodobeamilepostinbehard-pressedtodo/haveahardtimedoingsth
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todoharmtobelikelytofallpreyto/bevulnerableto
concerncausegraveconcern/concernshavearisenabout
meanspelldisaster/troublefor
makesthsthAhasrenderBsth
tootosthhasreachedsuchproportionthat/…tothepointwhere…mostimportantmorethananything,/andaboveall
growtheproliferationoffast-food/cybergames
seesthobjectivelyputsthinperspective
thinksthmostimportantit’shardtooverstatethesignificanceofneedsthnecessitate/entail
bedevotedtobebenton/upon
showmirror/embody
differentthewholespectrumof
turningpointbeawatershed
accordingtointheeyesof
affecthinder
ageera
aimtargetv
andalongwith/aswellas
andsoonthelike
appearmushroom/springup/sproutup
applyputintopractice
askconsult
aspectsphere
attachenclose
attracttempt/appealto
audienceviewer
basisfoundation
beabletobecapableto
beconvenientatone’sconvenience
begoodatbeskilledat
behelpfulbeofhelp
beimportantbeofimportance
benearbearoundthecorner
beobviousitgoeswithoutsayingthat…/itisarguablethatberisingskyrocket/rocket/soar
besuretobeboundto
besurprisedatbeamazedat
beuselessbeofnouse
bearbeloadedwith
becauseofdueto
becomefashionablecomeintoafashion
becomehappycheerup
beforeoriginal
buildfound/putup/shape
buyafford
byoneselfallalone
carefulattentive
causeattributeto/leadto
changemodify/shift/fluctuation
changewithvarywith
cheatingdeception
choosefrommakeachoicebetween
clearevident/self-evident
comefromstemfrom/springfrom
comeoutcomeforth
complainplaceacomplaintagainst
considerconvince/figureout/givethoughtto
consider…..importantattachimportanceto/laymuchemphasisuponcontinuegoahead
controlinthegripsof
cooperatejoinhandswith
decidedetermine
deepprofound/far-reaching
dependonhingeupon/counton
dependononeselfliveonone’sown
developcultivate/buildup
difficultybarrier
diligentindustrious
dogoinfor/carryout
dogooddofavor/helpv
dropdecline/ontheebb
eatlessgoonadiet
emphasisputahighvalueon/treasurev/valuev/cherishv
enablefacilitate
encouragespursbonto/motivate
endangerjeopardize
enforcestrengthen
engagemajorin
enjoybecrazyabout
enlargebroaden
enoughadequate
evaluatespeakhighlyof
explainuavelthemysteryof/accountfor/beresponsiblefor
facebefacedwith/faceup
failfrustrate
failurefrustration
fameprestige
famousprominent
famouspeoplegalaxy
feelingpassion/sentiments
findlocate
findoutsortout
finishaccomplish
firelayoff
fixinginstallation
focusoncenteron
forexampleacaseinpoint
foreverpermanent
futureprospective
getacquire/regain
getridofeliminate
givegrant/issue
give/supplyprovide…with
giveattentiontogivepriorityto
globaluniversal
goonbringforward
goalheart’sdesire
goodbeneficial
goodstudentstopstudents
goodsnecessity
greatenormous/dramatic
greatprime/utmost
greetingsregards
growflourish
happinesswell-being
havepossess
havearelationshipwithbeontermswith
hopelookforwardto
hopetodosthbeeagertososth./longtodosthhopefulpromising
ignoreneglect
illnessdisease
importantessential/vita
improveenhance/boost/upgrade
improvementadvance
ingroupsintwosandthrees
includemakeup
increasesoar
influencemold
intendtargettodosth./bemeanttodointerestedcrazy
interestinglywithgreatinterestintroductionprospectus
investigationsurvey
joboccupation/employment
joinmaintain/holdonto
keepmaintain/holdonto
killoneselfcommitsuicide
knowgrasp/beawareof/knowaboutknowledgecommand
leavedepartfrom
likepreference
limitconfine
loadburden
lookaroundexamine
lookforruninto/huntfor
lookup…inreferto
lowerinferior
makenervousplacestrainon
makeprogressmakeleapsin/pressforwardmakesureguarantee
makesurethattoseeitthat…
manyberichin/countless
meetruninto/comeacross
messchaos
necessaryindispensable
needbeinneedof
nothesitatefeelfreetodosth
notknowbeignorantof
number
obvious
occupation
offer
only
outcome
overcome
pass
payattentionto
people
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period
引用法就是借用警句、格言俗语等生命力较强、影响力极大的句子来作为文章题目的一种拟题方法。“他山之石,可以攻玉”,如能准确借用,自可收到很好的效果。
示例
《众里寻他千百度》
《一句话,一辈子》
《海棠依旧?绿肥红瘦?》
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